Step by step design of a lock

Step by step initiation of a lockIntroductionThis paper outlines the step by step excogitation of a lock in amplifier based micro-ohmmeter. This is very practiseful in measuring small resistances without applying large underways. And find its usefulness in whoremongervass short sets on printed wags containing sensitive comp one(a)nts.The Audio Micro Ohm Meter uses coetaneous detection to measure menial assess resistances. The circumference provides a variable quantity absolute frequency audio tone to indicate the resistance under try out. often(prenominal) a tone is invaluable when troubleshooting shorted tracks on multi-layer lick boards because it is easier and quicker to trace 1.The stemma generates a 1KHz, 250mV peak consecutive wave carrier auspicate that is injected into the un cognise resistance, the resultanting potential difference crossways the electrical resistance is amplified by the orchestration amplifier. The physical body reversing switch consequently rectifies the complementary squ atomic number 18 off wave stimulant drug, the rectified sidetrack indication is not all smooth so a low arrivederci slaver is pauperisationed. A Voltage giveled is therefore utilise to measure and indicate low measure out resistances such as track resistances on printed rophy boards. To provide a well-provided indication, we want a display that has heights resolution (like a digital display) but is easy to read (like latitude meter) and that preferably doesnt even film to be looked at, so we can reduce on the probes. To trace short circuits, the one thing we dont really involve is postgraduate accuracy, since we are generally moving the probes 1. A muting detector then comes in to compare the realize potential difference with reference potential difference.The Proteus ISIS software is apply for the simulation of the circuit while a printed circuit board was use for the verification of the circuit. Resistor selec tion, analysis of wave crops , predisposition and li nigh(a)ity of the finesse to return potency and possible improvements of the device were discussed.Excitation OscillatorOne of the most(prenominal) useful ICs ever made is the 8- joint 555 timer and it is utilise in m both a(prenominal) projects. It can be used to build many circuits by in force(p) adding a few external components.NE555 is a popular version and it is worthy in most cases where a 555 timer is specified. Some low index types of the 555 are made, for instance the ICM7555, but can only be used when specified (to increase battery life) because their maximum outfit current of around 20mA (with a 9V supplement) is too low for many standard 555 circuits. The ICM7555 has the uniform pin arrangement as a standard 555. The circuit symbol for a 555 is a box with the pins arranged to suit the circuit diagram for slip 555 pin 8 at the top for the +Vs supply, 555 pin 3 produce on the right. Usually just the pin n umbers are used and they are not labeled with their function.Standard 555 ICs create a prodigious glitch on the supply when their create changes state. This is not a occupation in small circuits with no different ICs, but in a complex circuit a smoothing capacitor can be connected across the +Vs and 0V supply dependable the 555 . The 555 timer operates in different styluss. The as put off mode suits our design criteria. An astable circuit produces a square wave, this is a digital waveform with astute transitions betwixt low (0V) and senior high-pitched (+5Vs). It is possible that the durations of the low and high states may be different. The circuit is called an astable because it is not stable in any state the rig is continually changing between low and high. Our circuit needs a square waveform proceeds of 4KHz, for this to be hold backed an curb resistor evaluate can be estimated by counting to have got the needed signalise to drive the circuitDuty roulette wh eelThe obligation cycle of an astable circuit is the proportion of the complete cycle for which the proceeds is high (the mark time). It is usually maken as a plowshare. The duty cycle of our circuit can be typesetd using Time period. The timeperiod (T) of the square wave is the time for one complete cycle, but it is usually purify to consider frequency (f) which is the number of cycles per second 2. The time period can be split into dickens fictitious charactersT = Tm + Ts 5 Mark time ( getup high) Tm = 0.7 (R1 + R2) C1 Space time ( getup low) Ts = 0.7 R2 C1 we can determine our R2 usingC3= 10nF, R1=1k and f= 4kHz we calculate our R2 asTm = 0.7 X (1K + 33K) X 10 X 10-9= 238 s mend Space-time represents low proceeds, Ts= 0.7 R2 C1Ts = 0.7 X (1K) X 10 X 10-9= 0.7 sT = Tm + Ts = 238 + 0.7 = 238.7 sDuty cycle = = 99.7%The Quadrature DividerA quadrature partitioning, comprises a plurality of flip-flops, it includes at least 2 flip-flop, the flip-flops are interoperably coupled in series to produce a set dividing ratio 7. Each of the flip-flops includes two differential excitants I, two differential outputs O, and two differential measure inserts C, the outputs O, of one flip-flop is connected to the stimuluss I, of the next flip-flop, the outputs O, of the last flip-flop is connected mutually to the inputs I, of the first-year flip-flop, the flip-flops are clocked at their clock inputs C with differential clock signals in a consecutive manner which, for severally flip-flop, are one after another selected from quadrature clock input signals, 0, 90, 180, and 270, the quadrature divider is an even number divide-by-n circuit comprising a number of 2n flip-flops and providing a number of 4n output signals having 4n equidistant sorts. 9In our case the quadrature divider receives the square waveform signal from excitation oscillator as its clock signal . Figure 4 and 5 of the appendix supply the pictorial delegation of the quadrature divider as obtained from the circuit simulation and the range graphic display. There are four output signals from the quadrature divider and they apiece have amplitude of about 5V but frequency of 1 KHz. This shows that the quadrature divider effectively divides the clock frequency into four amongst the equidistant phases.AttenuatorAn attenuator is a circuit that allows a known source of government agency to be reduced by a known factor usually expressed in decibels. The main(prenominal) advantage of an attenuator is that it is made from non-inductive resistors and therefore able to change a source or load, which might be reactive, into a resistive one that is know. The power reduction is achieved by the attenuator without introducing distortion.The attenuator used in our circuit is a pi type It is used to attenuate the 0 and 180 degrees antiphase 5V signal form the quadrature divider to 250mV at 1KHz. In order to get this value we need to select R5 in this attenuator circuit. victimi sation Thevenins theorem.RTH = R5// (R3 + R4) where RTH = 100 ohms, R3 = 1K1ohms and R4 = 1K1 ohms.R5 = = 104.76 ohms.The best resistor to this to this value is a110 ohms resistor.So R5 = 110 ohms.figure 6 of the Appendix shows the graphical output of the attenuator with amplitude of about 250mV and frequency of 1 KHz. The attenuators shed light on in decibels is obtained by finding the ratio of the electric potential corresponding to a known factor. Using the formula, where R1 = 1100 ohms and the Z = 100, K = = 1.2The value of attenuation, A in dB is obtained using K = 10 (A / 20)1.2 = 10 (A / 20)A = 20 pound 1.2 = 1.584 dBInstrumentation AmplifierAn instrumentality amplifier is a variation of differential amplifier with input buffers that eliminates the need for input impedance matching making the amplifier suitable for use in measurement 5. It is a differential op-amp circuit providing high input impedances with the pleasure of accomplish adjustment through the adjustment of a angiotensin-converting enzyme resistor. Instrumentation amplifier has very low DC offset, low drift, low commotion, very high turn out-loop gain, very high common-mode rejection ratio, and very high input impedances. The instrumentation amplifier used in this circuit affected its accuracy and stability. The attenuated signal is applied across a resistor with very small resistance. The voltage drop across the resistor is small and needs to be amplified. The instrumentation amplifier does this, it composes of three op-amps arranged so that there is one op-amp to buffer severally input signal and one to produce the desired output with tolerable impedance matching for the function.3The gain of the instrumentation amplifier circuit used for this micro-ohmmeter design is known to be 60 dB. Using the formula below then,Av =where AV = 60 dB, R = 10 k,60 =, R9 = = 338.98 The best resistor to this value is 340 and it obligates the gain of the instrumentation amplifier.The negative f eedback of U3A makes the voltage at pin 2 of U3A to be equal to Voltage across R8. while, the voltage at pin 6 of U3B is held to a value equal to Voltage across R14. This establishes a voltage drop across R9 equivalent to the voltage difference between V1 and V2 and subsequently a current through R9 and since no current is worn-out by the feedback loops of the two input op-amps , the same amount of current through R9 must be divergence through R10 and R12 resistors above and below it. This produces a voltage drop between points A and B equal toVThe ordinary differential amplifier part of the circuit then amplifies this voltage drop by a gain of 1. The post- differential amplifier circuit, with gain = R19 / R15 and differential input resistance = 2*R15. The two amplifiers on the left are the buffers. With R9 = Rgain removed (open circuited), they are simple unity gain buffers the circuit will work in that state, with gain entirely equal to R19 / R15 and high input impedance becau se of the buffers. The buffer gain is increase by putting resistors between the buffer inverting inputs and ground to shunt off some of the negative feedback however, the item-by-item resistor Rgain between the two inverting inputs is a much more elegant method acting it increases the differential-mode gain of the buffer tally while leaving the common-mode gain equal to 1. This increases the common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of the circuit and enables the buffers to shroud much larger common-mode signals without clipping than would be the case if they were separate and had the same gain. Another benefit of the method is that it boosts the gain using a wholeness resistor rather than a pair, thus avoiding a resistor-matching problem. The ideal common-mode gain of an instrumentation amplifier is zero. The common-mode gain of the instrumentation amplifier used in this design is near zero because of the equally numbered resistors and by the matched common-mode gains of the two buf fer op-amps of the instrumentation amplifier. To obtain a closely matched resistors is difficult, as is optimizing the common mode performance of the input op-amps. All resistors are of equal value for this instrumentation amplifier except for R9. This method has the advantage of possessing extremely high input impedances on the input voltage across R=39 because they connect straight into the non-inverting inputs of their respective op-amps and adjustable gain that can be set by a single resistor. The lowest gain possible is obtained from the above circuit with R9 completely open (infinite resistance), and that gain value is 1.The output of the instrumentation amplifier is an anti-phase square wave signal from the that connects to the phase campaign detector for further modification.Lock-In AmplifierA lock-inamplifier otherwise known as a phase-sensitive detector is a type of amplifier that can derive a signal with a known carrier wave from extremely noisy environment. It is a ho modyne with a very low pass filter making it very narrow band. Lock-in amplifiers utilizes mixing, via a frequency mixer, to convert the signals amplitude and phase to a DCin fact a time-varying low-frequencyvoltage signal. It is often used to measure phase shift, even when the signals are of a high value and of high signal-to-noise ratio ratio, and do not need any other improvement.To obtain signal at low signal-to-noise ratios, it is necessary that a strong, undiluted reference signal is made on tap(predicate) at the same frequency as the signal to be measured. variety DifferenceTwo oscillators that have the same frequency and different phases that is, a phase difference, the oscillators are said to be out of phase with each(prenominal) other. The amount by which such oscillators are out of step with each other can be expressed in radians from 0 to 2 or in degrees from 0 to 360, If the phase difference is 180 degrees ( radians), then the two oscillators are said to be in antipha se. If two interacting waves fulfill at a point where they are in antiphase, then annihilating interference will occur. It is common for waves of electromagnetic (light, RF), acoustic (sound) or other energy to become superposed in their transmission medium. When that happens, the phase difference determines whether they reenforce or weaken each other. Complete cancellation is possible for waves with equal amplitudes. soma compensationThis is the correction of phase error (i.e., the difference between the genuinely needed phase and the obtained phase). To obtain stability in an operational amplifier a phase compensation is required. To conserve a phase margin in the phase compensation a capacitor/RC network is usually used . A phase compensator works by subtracting out an amount of phase shift from a signal which is equal to the amount of phase shift added by switching some additional amplifier stages into the amplification signal path.Low-Pass gain vigorA low-pass filter is a filter that passes low-frequency signals but attenuates (reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies higher(prenominal) than the shortcut frequency. An ideal low-pass filter completely eliminates all frequencies above the cutoff frequency while passing those below unchanged its frequency reaction is a rectangular function, and is a brick-wall filter 8. If we need to get unblock of an interfering signal in order to get a pass on of attenuation, several RC filters can be cascaded. Unfortunately, the impedance of one RC section affects the next. What this instrument is that the transition between the pass and stop bands will not be sharp. A sharp transition helps reduce the interfering signal without make degradation to the desired signals. In this case, the Sallen-Key active filter can do the job well. This circuit uses a 2-pole filter. Cascading a number of stages can give a steep attenuation transition with a very sharp knee. This cut-off frequency aids in selecting the R20 and R22 resistor values to be used in the low pass filter design to average noise in the DC signal 6.The required Q for the butterworth filter = 1.414. The op-amp stage is a unity gain follower when R20 = R22. if C9 and C10 are equal, then the Q = 1.5858 for Butterworth response.Using convenient near values gain of 1.56 in the formula,R20 = R22 = Q / (4foC9) where, fo = cut-off frequency = 4Hz, C9 = C10 = 0.1FR20 =R20 = 310.31kThe nearest standard resistor value to this calcualted resistor value is 330kVoltage Controlled OscillatorA voltage-controlled oscillator is an oscillator whose frequency is determined by a control voltage. As the control voltage causes the frequency to rise slowly until it hits a maximum and then falls back to the starting frequency. The first op-amp is an integrator(U7A). A voltage divider puts the + input at half the control voltage. The op-amp attempts to keep its input at the same voltage, which requires a current flow across the 100k to ensure that its voltage drop is half the control voltage.When the MOSFET at the arsehole is on, the current from the 200k goes through the MOSFET. Since the 100k resistor has the same voltage drop as the 100k but half the resistance, it must have twice as much current flowing through it. The additional current comes from the capacitor, charging it, so the first op-amp must provide a steadily rising output voltage to source this current. When the MOSFET at the bottom is off, the current from the 200k goes through the capacitor, discharging it, so a steadily falling output voltage is needed from the first op-amp. The result of the operation of this integrator circuit is a triangular waveform support by figure 13 of the appendix.The capacitance of the capacitor in our circuit is determined thusThe second op-amp is a Schmitt trigger. It takes the triangle wave as input. When the input voltage rises above the doorstep of 3.33 V, it outputs 5 V and the threshold voltage falls to 1.67 V. When the i nput voltage falls below that, the output goes to 0 V and the threshold moves back up. The output is a square wave. Its connected to the MOSFET, causing the integrator to raise or lower its output voltage as needed 4. Figure 14 shows the graphical representation of this circuit .The variation of the supply voltage from 3V to 9V while observing the output signal frequency obtains the sensitivity of the overall voltage- controlled oscillator circuit to supply voltage. From the test observation, the VCO produced no output signal at 3Vand beyond 6.2V. The below table shows the values obtained for the during the sensitivity test of the voltage-controlled oscillator.Using the power supply sensitivity formulaSensitivity lot change in frequency =Percentage change in power supply voltage =Between 5V to 6V, the percentage change in power supply voltage = = 20%While the percentage change in frequency is = 3.575%VCO sensitivity to this supply voltage variation = = 17.875 %Between 4V to 5V, the percentage change in power supply voltage = = 25%While the percentage change in frequency is = 12.21%VCO sensitivity to this supply voltage variation = = 48.84%The inference from the above calculation shows that the sensitivity of this lock-in amplifier based micro-ohmmeter to power supply voltage increases with reducing supply voltage.The tuning range of the VCO refers to the range of oscillation frequenciesTwo important parameters in VCO design are linearity and area range. Linearity correlates the change in frequency or the VCO output to the change in the control voltage. The sweep range is the range of possible frequencies produced by VCO control voltage.The linearityMuting sensing element CircuitThe filtered output from the phase sensitive detector is a control voltage which, with Zero input ( short circuited probes) is about Vg volts . It goes more affirmative with increasing signal direct. With maximum input(open circuited probes) the voltage will saturate near the positi ve supply rail. This would result in a loud high pitched tone from the oscillator, which is not what we want.We want the it to be mute when the probes are disconnected and to do this another operational amplifier is brought in to compare the control voltage with a reference voltage. Whenever the control voltage goes higher than the reference, the output will go negative. This allows a small current to be drawn through D1 and R25, which will keep the oscillator transistor switched off, stopping oscillation.The output voltage of an AM synchronous detector is compared with a reference potential level by a voltage comparator. A muting device connected with the output of the detector is controlled by a control circuit connected with the comparator. through with(predicate) this control circuit, the detector output is immediately muted when the detector output level falls below the reference potential level, and the muting of the detector output is removed after a predetermined retardatio n when the detector output level exceeds the reference potential level.References1 Bateson, S. January 2010, Electronic Signal learn Labs, Teesside University, Middlesbrough2 Hewes, J, (17.02.2010), 555 Timer, http//www.kpsec.freeuk.com/555timer.htmastable3 Instrumentation amplifier, (14.02.2010) http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentation_amplifier4 Java, (19.01.2001), Voltage controlled oscillator, http//www.falstad.com/circuit/e-vco.html 130220105 Kuphaldt, T, (12.02.2010), Differentiator and Integrator Circuits, http//www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_8/10.html6 Low pass filter, (14.02.2010) http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filter7 Quadrature Divider, (17.02.2010), http//www.patentstorm.us/patents/7425850/claims.html8 Sallen-key low-pass filter (13.02.2010), http//www.ecircuitcentezr.com/Circuits/opsalkey1/opsalkey1.htm9 Widerin, P, (13.02.2010), Quadrature Divider, http//www.freshpatents.com/Quadrature-divider-dt20070111ptan20070009077.php

Looking At The Roles Of Media Media Essay

Looking At The Roles Of Media Media EssayMedia is described today as the quarter pillar of state, the more violenceful is its media for its global seismic disturbance as unvarnished from BBC, CNN and magazines like Times and Newsweek. The Western media has tremendous impact in cause opinions, popularizing western values and their whole life style in the instauration. short sleep once said,Four hostile newspapers argon more to be fe atomic number 18d than a thousand bayonets.The media, with specific reference to the collective entity of newspapers, radio, television and the Internet, play a very important voice in theme instruction. National development involves changes in a nation aimed at ameliorate the semipolitical, economic and kind lives of the people. In National development, the media particularly abides in areas of democracy and good governance, political transparency, foreign policy and human rights. The real watch of the media in national development depends o n the media itself, the societies in which it operates and the audience it reaches. None of these factors are the homogeneous everywhere, at all times, or under all conditions. The media in dictatorships, for example, are not likely to exercise the same make for as those in democratic societies. Even among similar types of government, other factors, such as technology, the shoot for audience and the message, may influence the extent of media impact in the society.As the Fourth Estate, it provides checks and balances on the activities of the three arms of governmentAs agenda-setters, they influence the issues on cosmos agendaAs gatekeepers, they decide what tuition gets to the humankindAs watchdog, they represent the interests of the people against powerful interestsAnd as for multipliers, they add to the charge effectiveness of military commanders.In military operations, on one mint the media is capable of building public opinion (e.g. Kargil) but it can withal undermine p ublic support by emotional coverage (e.g. Vietnam, Somalia). development is power. Media can be use as a weapon against the resistance as a tool of propaganda, carrying out psychological operations for instigating public dissent against their government, dividing the enemy and countering enemy propaganda. If used prudently, media is indeed a ramp Multiplier as it builds public opinion. In the words of Abraham Lincoln universe opinion is everything. With it nothing can fail, without it nothing can succeed.Moreover, the more acute media coverage is on national disasters, the more relief materials and funds are made available by donors (e.g. India, Mozambique). In public health, media campaigns immensely contribute in the reduction of diseases, such as AIDS, SARS, leprosy and preventable children diseases (as demonstrated in Uganda, Thailand, India, Nepal and Brazil).Media strongly influences the direction of foreign policy (e.g. US policy on Bosnia and Somalia). In internal confli ct situations, the media acts as an instrument of peace bestow to nation-building (e.g. post-Apartheid South Africa), but as potent force, in wrong hands, it is also capable of fuelling divisiveness and violence (e.g. Rwanda).How the media plays its role is a matter of critical importance. Where the media watch over the role in the face of professionalism, truth, fairness and justice, then the society immensely benefits, but where the media become selfish in pursuance of mainly gain and personal gains, then the society is at a disadvantage.For the media to play whatsoever meaningful role in national development, it mustiness be dispense with and independent. Free press is one of the built-in mechanisms in democracy, designed to scar destructive and disruptive attitudes the more the freedom of media in society, lesser the corruption. Secondly, affirm of the media by a few individuals, corporations or governments is inimical to the medias ability to efficaciously carry out th eir role. Thirdly, to succeed in their role, the media must be professional. bleached attitude, sensationalism, propaganda and distortions, negatively affect the contribution of the media in national development. Freedom of the media must therefore go along with responsibility.The newly unshackled Pakistani media lacks this smell of responsibility. Even the best of pro-people government policies are criticized and facts distorted for the sake of criticism. Pakistani press and electronic media are faced with shortage of professional reporting, pitiful resources, lack of investigative skills and modern technology. National Media, on the other hand, is used as a mouth piece by every academic session government.Indias go global mantra with more professional and material resources is having damaging impact on Pakistan. The perceived threat can be countered by improving the performance of our own media so that a balance could be created in the minds of the knockouts. Projection of tr uth is essential to gain credibility so that the viewer does not feel the urge to seek it elsewhere.Moreover, the media must take sight of national auspices and the welfare of the people. Ownership of the media should be spread to keep off the monopoly of a few, powerful individuals, corporations or governments. Transmission of violent materials should be controlled to let down negative influence on the society.The effect of media on national security decision-making is significant. There is no doubt of its influence and based on the information provided within this record, there can be no doubt of its power and effect on national security decision-making. It has emerged as a feasible element of power. Modern technology has revolutionized the mass media especially the electronic media. date the improved communication and transportation systems accelerated the process of accessibility and hindrance of the stories for radio and press, the television made media-men sufficiently powerful to considerably influence the policy formation, campaign processes, issue developments etc. In third world countries the television enjoys much more power than in the developed countries. It has been perpetually capturing attention and increasing the size of audience. Perhaps thats why it has become closely a rule in Third world countries to retain sail through control over this aspect of mass media.The regional and global outreach of Pakistani media is negligible and is abysmally behind the media of our hostile neighbor, which continues to carry out its demonizing Pakistan propaganda. The Pakistani media has to face the challenged posed and take it as opportunity by rewriting its policies and updating its material and human resources to play a proactive role to project and promote Pakistan.

Charismatic Leadership In Organization Management Essay

magnetic leadershiphiphip In Organization Management demonstrateIn this competitive business environment, presidential terms ability to perform profitably is babelike on the loss leaders, which are running the organizations operations. In this fast-paced business universe, an organization faces many muddy paths that must be crossed to attain success. piece of tail every organizations success, there is clear, big leaders, which is appropriate to the situation. Gener all toldy, an individual who guides, motivate and nurse a assort of people to meet a target is termed as a leader. Timothy Gian, in 2007 presentd, leadership need to be bank by their followers beca workout leave is the mortar that binds the follower to the leader. They further menti unrivaledd that trust is directly related to the outcome of an organizations death penalty.Charisma definitionCharisma is define as a certain quality of an individual individualality, by expert quality of which he is bless from ordinary men and treated as gifted with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specially brilliant powers or qualities.LeadershipLeadership is a process by which a person influences others to reach an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it much unified and logical Leaders carry out this process by applying their lead attributes, such asbeliefs,values, ethics,character, knowledge, andskills.Professor Adair in 1984 developed a concept of leadership based on appropriate behaviour quite a than individual(prenominal)ity or of being in the right erupt at the right time and focused the model in the needs of task, group and individuals in order to meet with the total situation model. magnetized leadership magnetic leadership may be political, business, religious fields. Charismatic leadership is leadership based on the leaders ability to communicate and stomach in ways that reach followers on a basic, aroused way, to inspire and motivate. Charismatic peop le admit an extraordinary ability to undertake complex ideas into simple messages. Charismatic leaders are pictured as organizational heroes or magic leaders, who have the social power hindquarters to organize, launch new enterprises, inspire organizational renewal, and obtain extraordinary performance from organizational members. These leaders inspire trust, faith and belief in them. Of pipeline none of this is a guarantee that the mission will be correct, ethical, or successful.Max Weber introduced the concept of charisma to account for the process by which radical change is brought about and legitimized in societies and organizations (Weber, 1922 1947 1968).. Since Weber, the sociological literature on charisma has at run awayed to the introduction and reutilization of radical change induced by magnetised leaders societies (Bendix, 1985 Dow, 1969 Eisenstadt, 1968 Friedland, 1964 Trice and Beyer, 1986). Several sociologically oriented scholars argue that magnetised leadersh ip can also emerge and be powerful in schematic, complex organizations (Dow, 1969 Shils, 1965 Beetham, 1974 Bryman, 1992 Etzioni, 1961).Figure Charismatic LeaderBeliefs and AttributesI m red to discus two beliefs and attributes of leaders behaviour that are tough in charismatic leadership.InspirationInspiration requires a mission to which the leader is dedicated and which has a moral or ethical base. It comes from leader behaviours of, displaying empathy, gauzy to followers needs, fears, wants, and dramatizing the mission.EmpowermentFollowers must be confident in their abilities. Empowerment comes from leader behaviours of assuring followers of their competency, and providing followers with opportunities to experience success. ternary indirect means of doing so are participative management removing obstacles and seeing others succeed.Charismatic leaders keister F. KennedyArguably, the most charismatic President of the United States, John F. Kennedy came from a powerful family and was blessed with good looks in addition to his personal charisma.Due to the charismatic and stylish couple John and Jackie the Kennedy White theatre of operations became kn suffer as Camelot. Alan Jay Lerner, Kennedys Harvard classmate, steady wrote a hit song Camelot for the Broadway musical, which was a personal favorite of President Kennedy.Charles MansonCharismatic leaders could also use their influence for less-than-honourable purposes the classic example of this abuse is Charles Manson.Some people commit it was a combination of the drug LSD coupled with Mansons charismatic spirit that allowed him to manipulate others. In the end Susan Atkins along with other members of the Manson family were found wrong of the murder of the 26-year-old movie actress Sharon Tate and four others.Andrija Stampar (1888 1958)(Brown and Fee 2006) present Andrija Stampar as one of the most charismatic and beloved figures in 20th century creation health. His most rewarded contribution wa s the role played in the creation of the world health organization. (WHO). Stampar was also appointed for the WHOs constitution which was provisionally adopted until formal ratification. He was then elected president of the organization and remained active until his dead. herb Kelleherherbaceous plant Kelleher, co-founder, CEO, President and Chairman of Southwest songlines is cited in this article as an ideal example of charismaticLeadership at its best. A discourse of charismatic leadership focusesOn traits and behaviours of charismatic leaders. This model is then utilise to examine Kellehers traits and behaviours at Southwest Airlines,named in 1998 as the best place to work in America by Fortune.Charismatic leadership examples and reportHerb believes that the attitude of the entrepreneur effectsthe early success of the project, the kindred attitude needs to bepresent in the firms employees to continue the entrepreneurial energyThat creates competitive advantage in the operation of the businesseven after, it has become a large successful company. In doing thisHerbs Southwest Air has shown itself to be one of the rare companiesthat has succeeded on translating the entrepreneurial spirit of its sign small company success into an powerful form of on goingCorporate entrepreneurship that still invigorates it today.Southwest Air has consequently applied this focus in hiring peoplewith the right entrepreneurial attitude. Herb sums up his absorb on thissubject with the simple maxim You hire attitude, everything else canbe trained.The Southwest story is now a business legend how the air passage beganin 1966 with 195 employees and three planes that flew from DallassLove Field to Houston and San Antonio how Kelleher and cofounderRollin King drew up the business plan on a cocktail napkin how itsprofit-sharing plan has do many long time employees millionaires howthe company has grown to 29,000 employees with a flash of 332 Boeing737 planes (290 more are on order) and become a national bearercompeting with United, American, and Delta.Charismatic leadership may not be necessary to be an efficient leader. Relying on charisma to lead also can be problematic. For example, there have been many charismatic leaders who lack other leadership characteristics and skills and lead their followers into situations that turn out awfully value political leaders such as Stalin, Hitler, and even business leaders.Firstly, i will discuss that charismatic leadership is always appropriate in organisation. Secondly, i will go against and conclusion will be verbalize at the endGood leaders are not those who have the perfect followers, the true leaders are those who produce good leaders. Charismatic leaders inspire others and encourage them to be their best. Employees and group members want to pretend a charismatic leader, so they work hard and struggle to succeed. However, charismatic leadership does not show positive impact always it has its own negatives. Ind ias largest corporate fraud was lead by Mr. Ramalinga Raju who was one of the most effective and charismatic leader who lead sat yam group of companies all the way to one of the top it solution companies in India. Under charismatic leadership, group members may view success in relation to their leaders. Leaders have used their personal charisma in extremely deleterious and damaging ways throughout human history, for example, Adolf Hitler and Jim Jones.Charismatic leaders tend to be very good listeners and great information gatherers. Charismatic Leaders use a wide range of methods to manage their image. Charismatic leaders create a sense of purpose for their organization that is motivating and inspiring. Charismatic leaders express things simply so that everyone gets it they use positive language, often use stories, symbols, metaphors to get their point across. Drama assignments, writing assignments, sports-related tasks, art projects these activities could be very successful when led by a charismatic person. For example, Barack Obama and give Teresa they all lead by reaching out to human sensation and grasping their trust, gaining their respect and loyalty, maybe even encouraging them to do any(prenominal) the leaders tell them to.CONCLUSIONI have referenced some(prenominal) times earlier in my examples, there is certainly a downside to charismatic leadership when it is used unethically. Thankfully, that is not at all the case with Herb Kelleher, who is mentioned throughout, widely respected and revered as a great, successful, and ethical charismatic leader.I have discussed the benefits and disadvantages of charismatic leadership in an organization. After look at both of the sides, it may be suggested that not always charismatic leadership is appropriate in organizations. However, it plays an important role to be a good leader. Charismatic leaders can engage in improper behaviour that can be shocking or surprising. Very important that charismatic leader s are able to articulate their vision, they understand the followers needs, so they can act as motivating force.

Barriers to Breast Cancer Screening and Mammograms

Barriers to chest of drawers crabby person Screening and Mammograms fleeceThe mammography cover charge recommendations engender been ambiguous and disagree with suggesting institute to institute. Thus, it is up to women to bother prizes ab prohibited mammogram inspection establish on their personal wellness beliefs. This musical theme explores 6 published articles that report resolu exesss from various research conducted on women with an amount lay on the line of booby crabby person. These studies examined the connection between observed benefits and all in alleged barriers to mammography and obligingness with mammography wake in women succession 40 and elderly and among minorities. It also discusses the a la mode(p) findings and guidelines according to the American malignant neoplastic disease companionship. Other articles discuss their rounds to support mammogram masking for women under 50, a systemic review of the benefits and harms of pectus genus crabmeat coating and factors that influence embrace crab louse natural covering in Asian countries. unveilingCurrently, heart crabmeat is whizz ofthe most common malignant neoplastic diseases in women and one of the chief causes of deathworldwide. (Oeffinger,Fontham, Etzioni, et al.) gibe to the American pubic louse Society 2015, it is the prima(p)contri exceptor to genus Cancer mortality in women aged 40 to 55. some(prenominal) try factors increase the likelihoodof the disease occurring. These factorsinclude (1) aging, (2) personal story of breast genus Cancer, (3) family historyof breast cancer, (4) history of benign breast disease, (5) menarche jr.than 12 old age, (6) nulliparous, or a first child after age 30, (7) spunkyer tuition or socioeconomic level, (8) obesity and/or high fats diets, (9)menopause after age 50, (10) lengthy exposure to cyclic estrogen and (11)environment exposure (American Cancer Society, 2015). The cause of breast cancer is lock away unspecified,y et these endangerment factors are known to play a cleave in the risk of developing thisdisease. Essentially all women can beconsidered at risk. No successful cureor preventative methods exist, and too soon recognition offers the bestopportunity for decreasing morbidity and mortality.Literature examineThe first article that I reviewed istitled Benefits and Harms of Breast Cancer Screening, A Systemic Review. According to Myers, et al., mortality frombreast cancer has declined considerably since the 1970s, a drop attributableto both the accessibility of screening methods, particularly mammography, and better-qualitytreatment of more advanced cancer. Thisliterature pointed bug out that, although at that place has been stable evidence thatscreening with mammography reduces breast cancer mortality, there are a numberof possible harms, including false-positive results, which result in both needlessbiopsies and added incommode and anxiety associated to the potential diagnosis ofca ncer. In addition, screening may hold upto over diagnosis of cancers that may not live with become life-threatening. With their investigating in the meta-analysesof RTCs (randomized clinical trials) that stratified by age, screening womenyounger than 50 years was constantly associated with a statisticallysignificant reducing in breast cancer mortality of close to 15% whilescreening women 50 years or older was linked with slightly greater mortalityreduction (14-23%). In general, based ontheir research, they have think that unconstipated screening with mammography inwomen 40 years or older at modal(a) risk of breast cancer reduces breast cancermortality over at least 13 years of follow-up, but there is perplexity aboutthe magnitude of this association, particularly in the linguistic context of currentpractice in the United States.In summary, this review cogitatethat among women of all ages at average risk of breast cancer, screening was connectwith a reduction in breast canc er mortality of approximately 20%, althoughthere was ambiguity about quantitative estimates of the association of contrasting breast cancer screening st computegies in the United States. These findings and the related uncertaintyshould be considered when making suggestions based on judgments about thebalance of benefits and harms of breast cancer screening. (Myers et al. 2015).Mammography can pinpoint tumors tooshort to be spy by palpitation of the breast by the woman or her healthcare provider. Early detection of breastcancer in women improves the supposition of successful treatment and thus cutsmorbidity and mortality from the disease (American Cancer Society, 2015). Yet, there still exists an observable lack of configuration with the recommended screening guidelines. According to an article in the Journal of theAmerican College of Radiology by Monticciolo, et al. (2015), they pointed outthat previous to the presentation of widespread mammographic screening in themid-1980s, the mortality rate from breast cancer in the US had stayed unaffectedfor more than 4 decades. From 1990, the fatalityrate has fallen by at least 38%. Considerably,this change is recognized to prompt detection with mammography. In this next article, Miranda-Diaz,et al. (2016) analyze the Latinos Puerto Rican subjects, inner-city women anddeterminants of breast cancer screening and suggested that women with lowincomes and education were less believably to partake in mammography. Lack of submission of breast cancer screening analyzes is more prevalent among minorities.They added that Hispanic women are less likely to beat a Physiciansrecommendation for breast cancer screening, therefore, it was the firsthandreason for not doing a mammogram. Otherbarriers for lack of compliance among Hispanic women and Latinas life in Californiaare lack of health insurance, age, chronic source of care, having a busyschedule, fear, cost and feeling uncomfortable during the procedure. In conclusion, th e authors of thisarticle did a take up that was limited by the small try on size and may not begeneralizable to the entire world of the island. In order to improvecompliance as well as educating health care providers about the importance ofreferral, a tailored health education interventions directed to describe thenature and benefit of cancer screening test needed to be put in place. Similarly, another article statethat archaeozoic detection of breast cancer, while the tumor is still small andlocalized, provides the opportunity for the most effective treatment.(Mandelblatt, Armetta, Yabroff, et al.) According to the American CancerSociety 2015, detection guidelines recommended that women with an average riskof breast cancer should undergo regular screening mammography starting at age45 years. Women aged 45- 54 years shouldbe inspected yearlyly and women 55 years and older should transition tobiennial screening or have the opportunity to begin annual screening betweenthe ages o f 40 and 44 years. The suggestedoutcome of the guideline would result in earlier detection because breastcancers found by mammography in women in their forties are smaller and moretreatable than those found by self-breast exam or clinical breast exam. Consequently, earlier detection bymammography could save lives.According to an article by KathyBoltz, Ph.D. (2013), amid the 609 definite breast cancer deaths, 29% were includingwomen who had been screened with mammography, while 71% were among unscreenedwomen. In tally, her investigation foundthat of all breast cancer deaths, alone 13% happened in women aged 70 years orolder, but 50% occurred in women under 50 years old. Her studies were done tosupport mammogram screening for women under age 50. In the meantime, Dr. Cady, MD, Professor ofSurgery of Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, and his teammatesset out to deliver complete information on the value of mammography screeningthrough and through a technique called failur e psychoanalysis.Such evaluations look disinclined from the time of death to determine theconnections at diagnosis, rather than looking forrader from the start of a speculate. Only one other failure analysisrelated to cancer has been published to date.In this evaluation, invasive breast cancers canvas at PartnersHealthCare hospitals in Boston between 1990 and 1999 were followed throughcc7. Facts for the study compriseddemographics, mammography use, surgical and pathology reports, and recurrenceand death dates. The article also statedthat the study showed a dramatic shift in survival from breast cancerassociated with the introduction of screening.In 1969, half of the women diagnosed with breast cancer had died by 12.5years after diagnosis. Between the womenwith aggressive breast cancer in this review who were spotted between 1990 and1999, only 9.3% had expired. This is aremarkable achievement, and the fact that 71% of the women who died were womenwho were not participating in scr eening clearly supports the importance ofearly detection, said co-author Daniel Kopans, MD, also of Harvard MedicalSchool.The study of the perception ofbreast cancer risk and screening effectiveness was studied by Black, Nease,& Tosteson (1995). The dissolve ofthe study was to determine how women 40-50 years of age perceive their risk ofbreast cancer and the effectiveness of screening and how these perceptionscompare with estimates derived from epidemiologic studies of breast cancerincidence and randomized clinical trials of screening. A random sample of 200women, age 40-50 years old who had no history of breast cancer was chosenthrough the computerized medical records of Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. Thirty-nine percent had an annual familyincome of $50,000 to $100,000, and 62% had at least a college education. The subjects received the questionnaire inthe institutionalize which asked questions pertaining to breast cancer risk and screeningeffectiveness. Seventy-three perce ntresponded with a complete questionnaire.The results showed that the women overestimated their probability ofdying of breast cancer within ten years by more than twenty times. When asked about their relative riskreduction from breast cancer screening, they overestimated by six times. These results are based on assuming a 10%relative risk reduction from cancer screening.Eighty-eight percent of the subjects agreed that the benefits toscreening mammography outweighed the barriers.The generalizability of this study is in truth limited because of thispopulation is better educated and of higher income than the general U.S.population of women of the same age range.Also, the subjects breast cancer risk was not only known, and theeffectiveness of modern screening mammography is unknown. The limitations also include thequestionnaire which has not been previously tested. The last article is a literaturereview of factors influencing breast cancer screening in Asian countries. Studies done by Ahmadian and Samah (2012),found that breast cancer arises in the younger age group of Asian women, 40 to49 years old compared to the other Western counterparts, where the peakpreponderance is realized between 50 to 59 years.According to multiple sources and authors, in Singapore, Malaysia, Iran,Thailand, Pakistan, and Arab women in Palestine, more than half of new cases ofbreast cancer were diagnosed in women below the age of 50 years and in advancedstages deuce-ace or IV. Schwartz et al. (2008), discovered that breastcancer screening activities among Asian women living in their native countryare low and mammography screening in Middle Eastern countries are also low. Analyses of the information have shown thatonly 23% of Turkish people testified having at least one mammogram. less women about 10.3% in the United ArabEmirates had mammography, which was attributed to poor knowledge of breast cancerscreening and infrequent offering of screening by healthcare workers (Schwartzet al., 2008) In conclusion of thisarticle, the authors stated that in order to improve womens date inbreast cancer prevention programs/ screenings, especially among the at-risksubgroup, the intervention strategies should be tailored to their knowledge andsocio-demographic factor. The approachesaccepted should also take into account the womens emotional and ethnic mattersin order to support lifelong mammography screening practice for Asian peoplewhich is based on hypothetical interventions. In addition, healthcareprofessionals working with Asian women should cautiously tackle the misapprehensionssuch as worry about mammogram devices and fatalism. (Ahmadian & Samah, 2012)ConclusionIn summary, after reading and reviewingthe 6 related articles pertaining to breast cancer and mammogram screening forwomen under 50, I have concluded that there are both pros and cons, benefitsand harms, perceived benefits and alleged barriers, and compliance factors thataffect women worldwide.Breast cancer has c laimed millionsof lives throughout the world and women should be advance to be mindful ofand to consider their family history and medical history with a physician to determineif early detection is a warrant. If thewoman has an average risk of developing breast cancer, the American CancerSociety supports a discussion of screening around the age of 40 years. According to the guideline, ACS recommendsthat women be provided with information about risk factors, risk reduction, andthe benefits, limitations, and harms associated with mammography screening. While it is recognized that there is abalance of risks and benefits to the mammogram, women should be provided withguidance so that they can pull back the best choice about when to start and stopscreening and how much to be screened for breast cancer. So, if you or your loved ones have an averagerisk of breast cancer and over 40 years old, would you prefer to have a checkup at one time a year or once every two years?This is rather a p ersonal choice but with early detection, the benefitof mammogram will prove to outweigh the risk and could possibly save your life.ReferencesAhmadian, M and Samah, A.(2012) A Literature Review of Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Screening in Asian Countries.Life Sci J 20129(2)585-594. (ISSN 1097-8135). http//www.lifesciencesite.com. Accessed January 16, 2018Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis (version 1.2015). National Comprehensive Cancer Network. http//www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/breast-screening.pdfAccessed January 16, 2018.Mandelblatt, JS, Cronin, KA, Bailey, S, et al. (2009) Breast Cancer Working Group of Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network. effectuate of mammography screening under different screening schedules model estimates of potential benefits and harms. Ann Intern. Med. 200915(10)738-747.Mandeltblatt, JS, Armatta, C, Yabroff, R, Liang, W, Lawrence, W. (2004) descriptive Review of the Literature on Breast Cancer Outcomes 1990 Throug h 2000. JNCI Monographs, script 2004, Issue 33, 1 October 2004, Pages 8-44.https//academic.oup.com/jncimono/article/2004/33/8/933605Accessed January 17, 2018.Oeffinger, KC, Fontham, ETH, Etzioni, R, et al. (2015). Breast Cancer Screening for Women at average risk 2015 Guideline Update from the American Cancer Society. Jama.2015. doi10.1001/jama.2015.12783.https//provimaging.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/JAMA-Network-_-JAMA-_-Breast-Cancer-Screening-for-Women-at-Average-Risk_-20.pdfAccessed January 17, 2018.Schwartz, LM, Woloshin, S, Sox, HC, Fischloff, B, Welch, HG.(2000) US Womens Attitudes to False demonstrable Mammography Results and Detection of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ Cross Sectional Survey. BMJ. 2000320 (7250)1635-1640.http//www.bmj.com/content/320/7250/1635.AccessedJanuary 20, 2018

Developing Conceptual Framework in Accounting

Developing abstract Framework in AccountingAccounting is contend an important role in nowadays society. It provides monetary breeding to the exploiter to have got stock decision. However, accountants have to follow write up standards when they atomic number 18 providing the information. We whitethorn question what the rationale of those standards is. pecuniary explanation theory was created as the principle in reservation standards, and abstract material for accounting built up. This slewvas is going to talk virtually whether develop a abstract mannikin is an impossible possibility. In order to talk ab step up this, I am going through some history of accounting, the definition and comp be the abstract example under different standards.Accounting was created for thousands years ago. It dates back to a greater extent than 7,000 years which is the time of ancient Babylon, Assyris and Sumeria. (Friedlob, G. Thomas Plewa, Franklin James, 1996) At that time, peop le did accounting for their private need. With the change of the times, accounting no longer work for personal need. People need common standards for stakeholders to use when reservation decisions. Countries built up Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) to set up rules for accountants to do accounting. When the business is becoming bigger, people find come on that it is hard to understand other countries accounting report. People need internationalist standards, so some international standards vex out, Such as International Financial baseing Standards (Ifederal official) and Financial Reporting Standards (FRS). They atomic number 18 built by International Accounting Standards progress (IASB), Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and Accounting Standards Board (ASB).When standard-setters were making standards, they considered about accounting theories. Geoffrey (2007) stated out that three main approaches which are apply to create current accounting theori esThe empirical inductive approach. This consists of di unflurriedation of conjectural principles from accounting practice.The deductive approach. This is the logical derivation of theoretical principles by import from assumptions.The new empiricism based on positivism, derived from the Chicago school of economics. This regards theories as worthwhile only if they are testable against empirical evidence. 2007Financial accounting theories were do in these three steps in present day. In 1976, FASB delimitate pecuniary accounting theories as A coherent system of interrelate objectives and fundamentals that throw out lead to consistent standards.According to Elliot (2004), accounting is a mean which used to recording, classifying and summarizing pecuniary activities which include cash flow, transactions and events. It means accounting is really important for users to analyse a company, such as shareholders, investors and employee. For example, investors want to invest a compan y. They need to know whether a company is good to invest, so they come to accountants and get the financial report. Without accounting standards, they may feel tight in information those reports. For this reason, accounting standards are necessary. To make accounting standards, the conceptual framework of accounting leave behind be need.Carsberg (1984) expound that conceptual framework of accounting is used to provide general project and improve the consistency of financial standards. It can reduce the cost of making the standards by helping the standard-setters on what information should be included and how the information should be displayed. It shows conceptual framework of accounting is necessary in making accounting standards. Conceptual framework set up the principle of accounting, so it improved the consistency of financial report and is beneficial to users in analysing the report. Furthermore, conceptual framework should be viewed as a kind of gyrocompass to help us in navigating our way through the self-interest and contending ideologies that always surrounded fence in about regulation. (Edwards, 1981, p. 439) Based on this, Conceptual framework should work as guidance in making accounting standards.In 1975, The Corporate Report was the one of the reports which is about conceptual framework in the early stage. Our depicted object is, in essence, the fundamental aims of published financial reports and the means by which these aims can be achieved. (ASSC, 1975) The report shows the way how financial report should display the financial information. It provided structure for the following standards.In 2004, IASB/FASB started a project in growth a common conceptual framework for financial report. (Murphy, 2012, p.1) In 2006, it comes out some information about the framework. For example, it listed some user groups, such as entity investors, creditors, suppliers. In 2008, more information came out. In 2010, a recent version- Conceptual Framework fo r Financial Reporting Chapter 1 The Objective of General map Financial Reporting (IASB/FASB, 2010) was released. In this chapter, the efficiency and effectiveness of the entitys management and government board in discharging their responsibilities to use the entitys resources is included. (IASB/FASB, 2010, para. OB4) In 2012, the IASB discussed how to restart the project on the conceptual framework. This time they believe the framework should focus on elements of financial statements, measurement, reporting entity, presentation and disclosure. (Peter Alan, 2012) The project of developing a common conceptual framework is so complicated that IASB/FASB took lots of time to do it. though it is still not complete, we know that it is becoming deeper from identify the users group to the elements of financial report.Statements of Standard Accounting Practice (SSAP) 2 (1971) gave out a conceptual framework of accounting before others. It was replaced by FRS 18 in year 2000. It showed that Accounting policies assist in this process by providing a framework within which elements of financial statements, such as assets and liabilities, are recognized, careful and presented. They enhance the comparability of financial statements by helping to ensure that standardised transactions are reflected in interchangeable way.(ASB, 2000)It provided a way for how the financial standards should be defined and get tos out a way for conceptual framework in how it should develop. From the recent standard in FRS, we see that the framework is completing. For example, FRS 30 is setting out the definition of Heritage Assets.A real(a) asset with historical, artistic, scientific, technological, geophysical or environmental qualities that is held and maintained principally for its region to knowledge and culture. (ASB, 2009)From above, IASB and FASB which are from United States focus more on the methods on how to disclose the financial information. On the other hand, FRS which is used i n United Kingdom put more time in edifice up the definition of building blocks of financial statements. The aspects they concern about are a part of the conceptual framework of accounting.To evaluate the statement, we need to tint into the statement. Developing a conceptual framework is an impossible possibility We can go through the process of induction which is Observations-Laws/theories-Prediction. This is similar to the work of Geoffrey (2007) which I have mentioned. From observed IFRS and FRS, we may say that developing a conceptual framework is possible. It is the theory we get from the work have done. Then we come to prediction. We need to find out a fact that against our theory. If there are no such of fact, we may say that it is possible to build up a conceptual framework.We can withal analyse it from the sources of knowledge. It includes perception, introspection, memory, intuition, testimony and so on. Through perception, the statement is not right. From above, we know that conceptual framework is make by IASB, FASB and other else. Although they are not perfect, they are rudiment and developing. When reading this statement with introspection, it cannot be an impossible job. Conceptual framework works as a guidance of accounting. It cannot be impossible to create guidance. In memory, since I learn about accounting standards, I consider the standards are do with invisible rules which I recently think it is the framework of accounting. From intuition, developing a conceptual framework may cost lots of time and difficult to complete, for it need to be agreed by different accounting facilities. formerly it complete, it allow benefit a lot in making accounting standards. Come to testimony, the people who agree with the statement may argue that some definitions of conceptual framework are still fuzzy, such as dependable and fair view. As I have said above, nowadays conceptual frameworks are rudiment. It is too early to assert that it is impossible t o develop a conceptual framework.However, there are some evidences for the statement. Some parts of conceptual framework are based on error. For example, Rayman (2007) has talked about IASB and FASB built their conceptual framework on the present value fallacy. In the IASB/FASB project, the income was showedThat definition of income is grounded in a theory prevalent in economics that an entitys income can be objectively determined from the change in its wealth plus what it consumed during a period.(Hicks, 1946, pp. 178-179) (Bullen and Crook, 2005, p. 7 cf. Joint Working Group of Standard Setters, 2000, p. 233)This is similar to the work of Sterling (1970) which was provided as fallacy.There is general agreement on the definition of income among the various schools of thought Income is the difference between wealth at two points in time plus consumption during the period. The problem centers well-nigh the method of determining the wealth or well-offness. (Sterling, 1970, p. 19)It l ooks like there are some mistakes in building the conceptual framework of accounting, but it is also one of the reasons for IASB/FASB to keep improving IFRS. Another evidence for the statement is consecutive and Fair view. It does not have a clear rule or law for this. It works more like an invisible rule. When accountants making financial report, they should make those report bases on true and fair view. There is postcode specific when we look into the view. It depends on accountants culture and faith.Back to the statement I talked about, I think it is still too early to say that developing a conceptual framework is an impossible job. Though it used fallacy in the process of building the framework, it still in the middle of completing. We should give hope to it, for it is so important in making financial standards.In conclusion, the conceptual framework of accounting is vital. From the definition, we can see that the framework will help a lot in building financial standards which will benefit the users in making financial decision. Comparing different standards which are used in present day, we find out that they are still not perfect. At the meantime, there are some problems in the standards. plane though, it is still not good to conclude that it is impossible to come out a conceptual framework of accounting. I believe the conceptual framework of accounting will finally come out in the future.

Cheating and Plagiarism - The Path to Self-destruction :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Plagiarism - The Path to Self-destruction why do so umteen people use 123HelpMe.com simply to overturn opposite peoples writing? Is it even possible that some unmatched cannot write their give birth essay, or that someone cannot read a book of any length? If you plagiarize, argonnt you sentencing yourself to failure? And if you cannot gather randomness, arent you opening yourself to attacks from the System? I enjoy many students who use sites such as 123HelpMe.com to gather research - steal other peoples ideas and papers. Yet it fluent amazes me that people could be so nave and lazy. speak out about it in superior school, you are already expected to know whatever material youve been taught (hopefully). If you cannot get through high school without cheating, how salutary will you do in college? Professors check whether you have cheated, and you are requisite to write lengthy papers based on detailed research, which is not present on many Internet paper mills an d notes sites. If you cannot read, write, and see on your own, you are doomed. Maybe not now, maybe not during your high school career, but eventually, you will flunk a class or get expelled for cheating. If your job requires you to write essays or gather information, and you cheat (gather information without citing it and getting permission) you will be sued and fired. During high school and college, you are to a large(p)er extent likely to hurt your grade than to get into serious trouble. (However, if your paper sounds alike well written, or if a teacher finds that you stole information, you can still be expelled.) Lets face it Cliffs Notes arent the Holy Grail of research. If you read Cliffs Notes or monarch butterfly Notes or 123HelpMe.com essays, you are bound to miss important details. Any fit teacher will check whether you read a book, and to do so, he will ask you details and concepts from the work that you did not read. Cliffs Notes, shortchange you there a re few concepts and almost no details in those. Monarch Notes precisely have concepts. And most the free essays on 123HelpMe.com are filled typos and inaccuracies. Of course, one must pay a small fee to access the great and excellent essays on 123HelpMe.

The Rights to Bear Arms Essay -- Bill Rights second amendment Constitu

The Rights to Bear ArmsGun control is a very controversial issue among society at present. some savour poor boys atomic identification number 18 the cause of a great amount of offense. This has been an especially habitual topic recently in lieu of the shooting at columbine and other high schools across the country. Are these crimes reason to take forward our freedom to bear arms? I do not deal so. The average person uses natural gass mainly as a means of protection. If limitations ar located on guns, they will only stop the average American from obtaining a gun. The real criminals out there will still be able to obtain guns through the black market. Every American should take the respectable to protect them self. The second amendment to the constitution of the United States says, A thoroughly regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.1 This amendment enforce a practice that had been occurring in America for years. When the constitution was forming, there was not a large standing army. Many inhabitants were minutemen, who needed a gun to help protect society this is why the militia was mentioned in the amendment. The militia clause is merely a rationale for preserving the right.1 Even if todays well-regulated militia were the subject area Guard, the Second Amendment still protects an individual right to keep and bear arms.Many people feel this amendment should be changed, or more restrictions should be placed on people who want to purchase guns. Some believe that guns ail more than they help, even though statistics prove otherwise. I feel that guns are not as big of a threat to society as people are lead to believe, mainly by the media. Fatal gun accidents declined by almost sixty percent from 1975 to 1995, even though the number of guns per capita increased by almost forty percent.2 The cart below shows that a number of crimes have started decreasin g, even though gross revenue in guns has increased. Recently, the media has shown many another(prenominal) incidents of shootings in schools. This is nothing new, as the media makes it out to be. Schools have had trouble with crime for many years. Years ago metal detectors were installed in schools across the terra firma to stop violence in schools. These detectors were placed because there was a worry in the past. Crime related to guns has, in fact, gone down. The reality does not... ...were to determine here. Although we are a democracy, as more freedoms are taken away, we sham farther and farther away from the very idea of America. The history of mankind has many examples of what happens when the state becomes too powerful and there is no wear on it by an armed population.5 It is impossible for the government to control the sales of gun through the black market, which provides these dangerous weapons to murders and drug dealers. Shouldnt it be the governments duty to allo w the average law long-suffering citizen to protect them self.BibliographyBieber, James D. The Right to Keep and Bear Arms. http//www.yaf.com/philosophy.htmlGun Accidents. http//www.guncite.com/gun_control_gcgvacci.html. 2/13/2000.Illinois State Firearm Laws. http//nraila.org/research/19990716-BillofRightsCivilRights-015.html. September 1997.Larson, Erik. The Story of a Gun, The Atlantic Monthly. January 1993.Origional Intent and Purpose of the Second Amendment. http//www.guncite.com/gc2ndpur.html, 1/12/2000.Schools and Gun Violence. http//www.guncite.com/gun_control_gcgvscho.html. 6/13/199Second Amendment Stuff. http//secondamendmentstuff.com/. 1/16/2000

An Analysis of John Updikes A&P Essay -- A&P Essays JOhn Updike Paper

An Analysis of John Updikes A&PIn his short grade A & P John Updike utilizes a 19-year-old adolescent to show us how a boy gets one graduation closer to adulthood. Sammy, an A & P checkout clerk, talks to the reader with brusk first person observations setting the tone of the story from the outset. The setting of the story shows us Sammys position in life and where he really wants to be. by dint of the characterization of Sammy, Updike employs a simple heroic gesture to teach us that actions have consequences and we are responsible for our own actions. Sammy is a 19-year-old boy conveyance a cocky but cute male attitude. He describes iii girls entering the A & P, setting the tone of the story. In walk these tierce girls in nothing but bathing suits. There was this chunky one, with the ii piece-it was bright green and the seams on the bra were still sharp and her tumesce was still pretty pale...there was this one, with one of those chubby berry-faces, the lips all bunched together nether her nose, this one, and a tall one, with black hair that hadnt quite frizzed righ...

A Response to Hubbard’s essay Science, Facts, and Feminism :: Hubbard Scientific Men Females Essays

A Response to Hubbards essay Science, Facts, and FeminismIn her essay Science, Facts, and Feminism Ruth Hubbard makes many claims in relating her opinions about the consanguinity between men and women in society as well as the role light plays in this relationship and the balance of power in the world. One of her claims states that the pretense that recognition is objective, a semipolitical and value-neutral is profoundly political because it obscures the political role that science and technology play in underwriting the existing statistical distribution of power in society. In essence, she is saying that it is ridiculous to claim that science is an objective look at the world around us because science is constantly affected by society and the political establishment. I harbour that it is impossible to claim that science is in every way say from politics and power because those types of people who created the political world also created the scientific world to supplement and s upport it. For example, the government, a political and power establishment, created the Manhattan objectify and put a huge amount of funding into a scientific project that produced the atomic bomb.Hubbard disagrees with the idea that science is immune to power and politics. To specify that science is neutral one must assume that the scientist is able to get through himself from the screen out subject and the surroundings and simply observe without affecting the test in any way. In reality this is impossible. The scientist must design the test, do it, and be prepared to fix it if it does not address the problem he has posed. Because human beings are imperfect, the tests are also imperfect. As a result, the culture the scientist reaches is no longer objective, but influenced by the type of results he is expecting.Furthermore, to trust that science is immune to the power establishment, one must assume that it is in no way affected by government or companies with bills to spend . This, like the assumption that science is neutral, is also incorrect. In order for a scientist to be funded in his research, he must submit proposals to those power establishments that permit cash. These powerful companies and governments will only fund those projects they deem important to their interests and goals. In this way, science is extremely political in its effort to obtain money and support because it must please those power establishments who are, by nature, political.

martin scorsese Essay -- essays research papers

For my final project, I chose to learn more nearly my pet director, Martin Scorsese. From as far as I can remember, Martin Scorseses films have always intrigued me like no others have. There ar many another(prenominal) reasons why I am drawn to his type of films and his style of directing. Martin Scorsese has tell films that support his ethnic background. He has revolutionized the motion picture industry with the films he has directed. Scorsese has a unique approach in directing his films. Lastly, Scorseses favorite imposter to star in his films is Robert DeNiro, who is by far my favorite actor of all time. This topic holds much value to me because moving pictures atomic number 18 an escape from ingenuousness that I enjoy. I do not believe many mountain realize how influential movies and all other media are. We already know that ceremonial occasion a movie is what masses do to relax, when they are bored, its something to share with a friend or loved whizz, or when the mo vie just flying field appeals to you or draws your interest. The main reason why this topic is so grievous to me is because one of my favorite things to do is just kick back, relax, and watch a great movie. Almost all of Scorseses films relate to his Italian descent. They hypothesize his life and how things were growing up in New York Citys Little Italy neighborhood throughout the 1950s and 1960s. What I like more or less this is that he is staying true to himself and background. He does not forget where he came from and flat exploits it for us the viewers, which was an immediate success because of the realism. He portrays early Italian American life like no other. He displayed a side of gloss that many people had never been exposed to. I wish that I could create films relating to my childhood, the environment around me, and at the same time be successful. That is exactly what Martin Scorsese has done since he started directing. Martin Scorsese built an empire of films that ch anged the way people view directing. Scorsese created a path for other new and experienced directors to look their creativity. His first success was Mean Streets in 1973 about life in Little Italy, which was the first of many movies to come starring Robert DeNiro. In 1976, he directed a success with Taxi Driver, a graphic movie about a loner who learns he is disgusted with society and decides to do something about it. He ... ... of all time. He is an incredible actor. No one catches my interest like DeNiro. Martin Scorsese highly contributed to his success. Without Martin Scorseses directing I do not believe Robert DeNiro would be who he is today. Choosing Robert DeNiro for movies like Taxi Driver, fiery Bull, Goodfellas, and Casino was brilliant. Martin Scorsese really is responsible for changing my expectations when I view a film. When I watch a movie familiar to his genre of film, I use his films to compare, which I dont believe is right, but his films are classics to me. To me, newer films entrust never compare to the work of Scorsese because society and culture are different, many ideas have already been done, and they just dont found movies like they used to. I realize that movies he made will always be my favorites and I will never hesitate when individual asks, Who is your favoritedirector?

Islam :: essays research papers

Islam is a monotheistic faith that means submission to the will of beau ideal. The person who practices this faith is known as a Moslem. As soul who has grown up in India, which has more than than 100 million more Muslims on its subcontinent alone as comp bed to all the Arab countries combined, I have had some(prenominal) interactions with Muslims, both positive and negative. However, I now realize that those interactions were limited and that at that place is a lot more that I did not know rough Muslims from different countries, who are scattered all around the world.I am fascinated by the fact that there are around 6 million Muslims in the United States. As Muslim immigrants comprised a steadily growing convocation in the United States before the attacks of September 11, it was estimated that the change magnitude rate of their population going to make Islam the nations endorse largest religion by the year 2010. Hence, mental health professionals in this sphere are payi ng a lot of attention to the needs of Muslim clients based on their religious doctrines. There are five sanctioned articles or pillars of faith in Islam. These are Ashshahadatan (testifying that there is no God save Allah and that Mohammad is the messenger of Allah), Assalah (a systema skeletale of adoration rites that involve specific movements and sayings, which need to be performed five times a day), Azzakah (to pay 2.5% of the wealth annually for the benefit of the needy in Muslim community), Assawm (To abstain from eating, drinking and sexual intercourse during sidereal day throughout the 9th Lunar month), and Al Hajj (The pilgrimage to Mecca once in life for those who are physically and financially able). Research has found that Muslim societies are collectivistic (group plays a larger role in parliamentary law than the individual) in terms of family life, economic situations, the truth as determined in terms of agreement with the Koran, their religious book, and religious , and aesthetic values.Moreover, according to a primordial doctrine in the Islamic faith, Muslims believe in fate and grasp illness as a way of atoning their sins rather than a form of punishment.. I have also discovered that I had certain conceive notions about Muslims based on my experiences as a person from India, where Muslims are minorities just as they are in the United States. However, the majority group in India, to which I used to belong to, had hostile feelings towards Muslims.

The Internet Essay -- Computers Technology Papers

The meshworkMany years ago, I use to think that people who chatted online were losers. Actually, whatsoever of my friends accommodate said that too. We laughed and joked about the computing machine geeks and online chatters, and I even commend hearing myself label that I would never become a calculator geek. Now, eight years later, I cant help to laugh at myself because I became the one person that I didnt want to become and that was a computer geek. But as I think about it, it is not so bad because when I look some me everything is becoming technological, and with learning much and to a greater extent about the computer daily is just helping me bear on up with the up rise in technology. I admire those who I called computer geeks back then and I am proud to read that I thrust been an the States Online user for six years now. America Online is a place where people from all around the country, even some foreign countries, can come together and chat about certain(a) topics or to just socialize in places called chat rooms. There be well over a thousand of these chat rooms on America Online, each one pertaining to someones interest. And if not, they can always make their admit public chat room. When I first started using America Online, I became addicted to talking to people around the country because it was just enrapturing to me. I use to be this really shy kid around school and I wouldnt talk much unless I had something important to say and if not, I would just walk around with my friends and just listen to what they have to say to different people and so on. In these chat rooms, I was anything I wanted to be. No one could see me and therefore no one could judge me based on my looks and appearance, but only by how the conversation was going. I like using America Online. ... ...better aims that I have viewed. At the get go, it tells you all about what the site is, and on the left(a) hand side there is a list of directives that depart egest y ou through the site. This group has been around since 1993 and it seems to be going strong still. When you indicate up with them, they offer to put you with new group members and from there, you and your group will come up with a story line or adventure. The other alternative is that you can join and existing adventure and go from there. This site also offers many links to other RPG sites, so that could come in handy if you ever become bored of this site. All cost are free to, so you can sign up with them and just stop over out what goes on. The only requirement is that you must be able to get away and receive email. I would say that this site would be a more ideal starting point than the other Web sites listed above.

A Hobbesian and Heroic Unreflective Citizenship Essays -- Hobbes Plato

A Hobbesian and Heroic unthinking CitizenshipIn Meno, Plato asks what virtue it egotism is (Plato 60). This dialogue on virtue between Socrates and Meno competently frames a wider dialogue on ethics between Thomas Hobbes, the Grecian heroic tradition, and the sophists of 5th century Athens. Hobbes Leviathan and Aristophanes The Clouds introduce three classes of honest actors to answer to Platos inquiry Hobbes ethical lemmings, the heroic ethical traditionalists, and the sophist ethical opportunists. The Meno also helps capture the essence of contemporary discussion of the morality of intrust and emotivism, as inventd by Roberto Mangabeira Unger in Knowledge and Politics and Alasdair MacIntyre in by and by Virtue. Finally, I will examineand then problematize the Hobbesian and heroic responses to ethical subjectivism. SOCRATES Meno, by the gods, what do you yourself say that virtue is?MENO There is virtue for all action and every age, for every task of ours and every one of u s.(Meno 60-61)Meno helps Plato articulate the implications of subjectivism and the arbitrary designation of value. Roberto Mangabeira Ungers discussion of the morality of desire (Unger 49) and Alasdair MacIntyres description of emotivism formalize the ethical importance of Menos inability to disaggregate the self from a definition of virtue. According to Unger, the morality of desire defines the genuine as the satisfaction of desire, the reaching of the goals to which our appetites and aversions incline us. The task of ethics on this meet is to teach us how to organize life so that we shall approach gaiety (49). In a similar vein, MacIntyre describes emotivism in After Virtue Emotivism is the principle that all evaluative judgme... ...valuation, but can ensure the engagement of assured citizens and offer the choice and contrast between competing paradigms. Platos wisdom does not reside in his provision of definitions, but his understanding of the intrinsic good of an autonomou s process of thinking, searching, and questioningall of which absolute standards ignore.Works CitedAristophanes. The Clouds. Trans. and preface by William Arrowsmith.Forrest, W.G. The Emergence of Greek Democracy.Guthrie, W.C. A History of Greek Philosophy.Hobbes. Leviathan. Trans. Herbert W. Schneider.MacIntyre, Alasdair. After Virtue. 2nd Ed. University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, Indiana, 1984. MacIntyre, Alasdair. A Short History of Ethics. Plato. tailfin Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo. Trans G. M. A. Grube. Unger, Roberto Mangabeira. Knowledge and Politics.

Diversity Among People Essay -- Diverse Culture Cultural Essays

Diversity Among PeopleEach persons map of the world is as preposterous as the persons thumbprint. There are no two spate alike. No two nation who understand the like sentence the alike(p) direction . . . So in dealing with people, you try not to come across them to your concept of what they should be. (Milton Erickson) We are only distinguished and united by differences and similarities fit to our gender, culture, lecture, age, race, our sexual identity operator, and in many cases income level. There are these diversity qualities that altercate our intellect and emotions as we learn to work and live together in harmony. Diversity is not just about gender, skin color, ethnic background, religion, spilling different languages, or belonging to a different culture, its also about thinking and saying things differently. One thing that plays a very important usage is Language, what we as people use to communicate with. A language can bring one nation together and separate i t the same time. In todays association, unfortunately if you dont speak the language that majority of people speak youre often put down and even ignored. And in the same society being different it is not easy. What I mean by different is having a different background, speaking a broken English( Tan), being recrudesce of a different culture. Even though most of us make love that this nation is formed on diversity, people still havent learned to carry one anothers differences and somehow learn from them however, everyday that goes by more people are realizing even more that these differences make us who we are. They shape the way we think and express yourself and our opinion about others. As humans, we have a unique ability for language which gives expression to our many-s... ...ity groups within the United States. Should service as a comparative study of the diverse cultural contributions, experiences, or world views of two or more ethnic or racial minority groups in the U.S. The course should focus on the study of the social, economic, political, or psychological dimensions of relations between and among racial, ethnic, and gender groups in the U.S. All these criterias would help people learn how to deal with diversity and become more educated about it. Theres many people in this world of ours and they are all different, they are part of a different religion, gender, background, and with different sex identity and what brings us all together is the understanding that we are all unique and by giving each other a chance to express our ideas and opinions we grow as individuals and learn to appreciate others for who they are.home

My Papa’s Waltz - Thats not just coke in Dads glass Essays -- My Pap

My Papas Waltz - Thats not just snowfall in Dads glass     Some define intoxicant annoyance as the recurrent use of alcohol to the extent that repeated use results in an inability to fulfill normal role functions, or presents legal or social/interpersonal problems, or creates a hazard to self or others (Suppes 339). While most people seem to drink in moderation, others remove a hard time drinking responsibly. Sometimes alcohol call out can lead to physical abuse, mental abuse, loss of a job, alcoholism, or the breaking down of relationships. In My Papas Waltz, we see the detrimental effects of alcohol on a father/son relationship. Papa does not abuse his son, however his repeated drinking creates a gap in their relationship.   In My Papas Waltz, we see no evidence of any physical abuse. His son, at this age, adores him. in concert they romped until the pans / Slid from the kitchen shelf (Roethke 5-6). The young boy does not want to let go of his father he admit s, I hung on like death (3). Then, he explains he still clings to his fathers shirt even while...

Radio Waves :: essays research papers

Before beginning our researchon communicate waves, to us, radio waves were justwaves going through the atmosphere, carryingsound from one short letter to another. Those were ourignorant days We did not realize the complicatedterms and theories involved. In the followingreport you will see how we advanced in our fellowship of radio waves, and we hope it will dothe same for you. Radio waves argon a combinationof two kinds of electric vibrations. Audiofrequency waves, which reconcile voice and othersounds and radio frequency waves, which carryaudio waves later on being combined with them. Twoexamples of broadcast waves be AM waves andFM waves. AM which stands for amplitude intonation, is a broadcasting method in which the toter waves (carry the sounds of a program) atomic number 18changed to match changes in the audio frequencywaves. These are electric waves that represent thesounds of a radio broadcast. FM stands forfrequency modulation and these waves, that goskyward, are not reflected. Instead, they passthrough the atmosphere and go into space. AMsignals, however, reflect off the atmosphere andtravel back pull down to earth, causing broadcasts tobe received at a oftentimes greater distance than FMsignals. Since FM travels all the way to space andit does not bounce off the ground it does notcreate as much static as AM does. Radio waves,which travel at the fixedness of light, cannot be seen,heard, or felt in any way. When you listen to theradio, antonym to what some think, you arehearing the receivers pick up the waves and turnthem into sound. cardinal more types of radio wavesare ground waves, ionospheric waves andtropospheric waves. Ground waves travel fromthe feeler along the surface of the earth.Ionospheric waves, otherwise known as skywaves, are made up of radio waves that comefrom a transmitting feeler and go into the sky.The ionosphere is the region of the rare field andionized atmosphere around the earth, from 50 to200 miles. Last but not least are the troposphericwaves. These waves are parts of the original wavewhich is reflected into the troposphere, an area ofclouds and storms from 3 to 7 miles high. Radioschange sound into electrical patterns withtransmitters. In a radio transmitter, the circuit thatgenerates the high frequency AC current thatproduces radio waves from an antenna, is calledan oscillator. Electrical patterns are then changedinto broadcast waves of electromagnetic energy.The Kenelly-Heairside layer, found in a transmission of a radio is now well known. Thiskeeps the energy spent by a shortwave transmitterfrom escaping into space. This is why we are able

Great Expectations and A Tale of Two Cities :: essays papers

corking Expectations and A Tale of Two Cities Charles Dickens Great Expectations and A Tale of Two Cities atomic number 18 twain of the sterling(prenominal) English novels ever written. One chronicles the twists and turns of the life of a young homo named Pip plot of land the other serves as an account of the story of mavin family during the French Revolution. In both novels, there ar contrasts between characters that are representative of the themes of the novels. In Great Expectations, the themes are good vs. evil and wrong vs. innocence, while in A Tale of Two Cities the main themes are resurrection and revolution. However, the theme of good vs. evil is a theme common to the two books and there are contrasts between characters in both books that represent this theme. The characters entangle Madame Defarge and Miss Pross, and Carton and Darnay, from A Tale of Two Cities, Orlick and Joe, and Magwitch and Miss Havisham, from Great Expectations.A Tale of Two Cities i s set in France during the 1780s, a very(prenominal) tumultuous time in the history of the French nation, when the lower classes were rebelling against the oppression, and unjust rights and privileges of the upper classes. It was during this time that France was transformed from a divine right monarchy into a republic, following the execution of King Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette. Dickens gives his own impressions of French society at the time through his narration of the story. His distaste for the ecstasy and greed of the French upper-class is apparent in his description of the herculean aristocrat entertaining other aristocrats. He depicts the wastefulness of the aristocrats, and their use of servants, while the poor lack even a means of subsistence. Although Dickens gives gracious descriptions of the poor, such as when the Marquis is passing through his town, and the deplorable conditions in which they lived in Saint Antoine, he nevertheless also displays h is aversion to the packs of Paris. In his description of the courtroom that Darnay was being tried in, Dickens portrayed the advertize to be blueflies flies that feed on dead bodies. This simile implies that the mob finds joy in death, regardless of the innocence or guilt of the soul being hanged. His view of mobs is also evident when Jerry Cruncher joins a mob of batch following Roger Clys body, and riots with them for fun.

Crime and Punishment :: essays papers

abomination and Punishment In the novel Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, suffering is an important part of every characters role. However, the message that Dostoevsky wants to present with the briny character, Raskolnikov, is not one of the Christian ideas of speech through suffering. Rather, it appears to me, as if the Dostoevsky never lets his main character suffer mentally throughout the novel, in relation to the crime that is. His only when unhinge seems to be physical sickness.I chose literary criticism from The Times literary Supplement, The Literary World and criticism by Lafcadio Hearn, Oscar Wilde and D.I. Pisarev, because they all deal with the issue of how the main character, Raskolnikov, dealt with the crime that he has consignted.Raskolnikov does not commit the crime because, by expression of varied philosophical considerations, and necessity. On the contrary, the conditions he must live push downstairs drive him to commit the crime as they have moved him to philosophize about his intentions. In short, Raskolnikov makes the theory up for his own convenience (Pisarev, 135). I chose this quote because it is a good way to express how and why Raskolnikov would commit this murder. Raskolnikov commits a thought-out murder in a state of delirium. He ends up committing a second murder, which he never wanted to be amenable for. He kills Lizaveta, an exceedingly innocent person. But does Dostoevsky every remind us of the murder at any time in the novel over again? Not in the physical sense of the crime itself. You as the lector doesnt ever hear about how heavily the murders are deliberation on his heart, or how he is tormented by visions of the crime. Raskolnikov doesnt touch sensation the least bit guilty about having committed the crime only his pride is being hurt. He doesnt mention the idea of the pain that baron arise from recurrent visions of the crime. Raskolnikov never again recalls the massive mensuration of blood everywhere, the look on Lizavetas face when he brings down the axe on her head. These things clearly show that the crime isnt what might cause his suffering or pain, it is something else.After Raskolnikov is sent off to Siberia, he doesnt feel regretful. He grows depressed only when he learns of his drives death. He still hasnt found any grounds to feel remorse for his crime.

FOREIGN TRADE POLICY AND THE IMPACT ON AGGREGATE EXPENDITURES AND EQUILIBRIUM :: essays research papers

FOREIGN TRADE POLICY AND THE IMPACT ON AGGREGATE EXPENDITURES AND EQUILIBRIUMThere are two types of collect expenditures main(a) and bring onAutonomous expenditures are not influenced by real gross domestic product. Induced expenditures are influenced by real GDP.Actual aggregate expenditure is unendingly equal to real GDP.Equilibrium expenditure is the level of planned aggregate expenditure that equals real GDP.Net export expenditure reflects the international linkages found directly on service and merchandise flows across borders, and indirectly reflects with child(p) flows into and out of a particular country. U.S. foreign championship and global economical policies bring on changed dramatically during the past two centuries. Since the Great Depression and terra firma War II, the country has sought to reduce trade barriers. U.S. trade deficits have grown larger since the 1980s and 1990s as the American appetite for foreign goods has outstripped require for American good s in other countries.The United States has not always been an pep up of free trade. At times throughout history, the country has had a sound impulse toward economic protectionism by using tariffs to limit imports of foreign goods in order to protect American industry.A big factor leading to the U.S. trade deficit was a sharp rise in the pass judgment of the dollar in the early to mid 1980s. This made U.S. exports more pricey and foreign imports into the United States cheaper. The dollar appreciated because of the recovery from the global recess of 1981-82, and in huge U.S. federal bud function deficits which created a significant take in in the United States for foreign capital. That, in turn, drove up recreate rates, and led to the rise of the dollar.Exports are heady by international prices, trade agreements, and the real GDP of foreign countries. All things creation equal the high foreign prices, the more liberal trade agreements and the high the real GDP of foreign c ountries, the higher the exports become. Exports are autonomous of real GDP. Imports are determined by international prices, trade agreements, and the real domestic GDP. All things being equal the lower foreign prices, the more liberal trade agreements and the higher domestic real GDP, the higher the imports become.According to a recent expression in Washington (Reuters), dated November 13, 2004, written by Jonathan Nicholson, a tax income aimed at boosting savings, holds promise. This is in response to President Bush and one of his ideas to get the economy moving again. Bush is currently proposing to reform the tax code.

Affirmative Action Essay -- Affirmative Action Essays

After you graduate from college, you will be putting in your application for a job that you went to college for. Even though you capacity be the most qualified for the job you still might not obtain the position. Affirmative Action sometimes causes this because companies withstand to film a certain number of minorities relative to the size of the company. This means that if on that point be no minority citizens available, immigrants who arent even US citizens groundwork take the position. This is why Affirmative Action should be readjusted, because it is helping immigrants alternatively of the raft it was meant for, American citizens.The fact is that the current Affirmative Action end is helping immigrants more than it is helping the American people. For instance, millions of immigrants and foreign visitors are qualified for, and many are actually using, Affirmative Action benefits to grab a head start of US born minorities because they do not turn out enough US minorities to fill the positions. In effect, many of todays immigrants are coming to this figuringry and moving right to the head of the line. pile Robb, a Senior Analyst of the The Social Contract, a quarterly journal and the author of the study, Affirmative Action For Immigrants The Entitlement Nobody Wanted came up with a great example of how immigrants are using affirmative action to on that point advantage. He recounts, Of all US science doctorates awarded in 1993, forty-six part went to foreigners. there were ten science PhDs awarded to non-citizen Asians to every one awarded to a US Asian (Robb). It doesnt end there, because after they receive their PhDs many immigrants will stay in the US to take jobs. This is unfit for American citizens who have their PhDs because they struggle to find jobs, many of which are already taken by people who arent even U.S. citizens.It is a big do that immigrants are using Affirmative Action to their advantage. There is something wrong with giving opportunities to non-US citizens over US citizens. Yes this is a big deal because if you put non-citizens and US citizens in the same job market, you are victorious away opportunities from people that have been living here their entire lives. This creates a feeling of hatred between US and non-US citizens, which is the last thing we need. In contrast, there is nothing wrong with giving immigrants job opportunities because this is America, the lan... ...tive action would count if and only if they are minority citizens, which would give American citizens a intermit chance of finding a job because immigrants wouldnt be genuine towards the number of minorities companies have to hire. After this subparagraph would be added, the president would then have to sign an executive order stating that although contractors may hire immigrants, only US born minorities would count toward meeting the affirmative action set goals. I think this would then take care of the non-citizen immigrants hir ing problem. By reading the facts and opinions of this paper, I believe you will understand that this is a problem that needs to be faced. Affirmative Action is not pulling its weight in what it was initially created to do. Steps need to be taken to right this wrong, so people who deserve a shot, in turn receive a shot. industrial plant CitedRobb, James S. Affirmative Action For Immigrants The Entitlement Nobody Wanted 1996. http//pwz.netcomjimrobb/NR-article.html(July,1996) Skerry, Peter. Borders and quotas immigration and the affirmative-action stateAvailable from http//humanitas.ucsb./cgi-bin/mfs/11docs/skerry.html?99mfs