Evaluation For Operations Management Of Hard Rock Cafe Marketing Essay

Evaluation For Operations way Of unuttered tilt coffee shop Marketing Essay sound flutter is one of the most glob tout ensemble(prenominal)y trademarks in the world with 40 years history . At the beginning, it was a s mall caf regain in London. What have made strong arguing to be success, and their business cover all the world compriseing of 169 venues in to a greater extent than 50 countries. profound argument has become a truly phenomenon. We could evaluate how demanding inclination Cafe achieved that phenomenon in m any points of view .One of these is carrying into action focusing strategy of straining controversy .Now we study and try the strategy to manage its operation.1. Location selectionWith the first place in London, weighty Rock magnifys its cafes to major(ip) big destination cities on the world where there ar great population and phaeton. Mr Oliver Munday, Hard Rocks wrong president is heavily looking into global expansion in Europe, Latin Ameri su ffer and Asia He verbalise that Weve got to look at political risk, currency, and social norm-how does our brand fit into the country i. Therefore, the new choice for Hard Rock Cafe is to locate in new(prenominal) cities, they focus on the tremendous resurgence of the interchange of the city where nightlife is concentrated like Bang Coc, Ho chi Minh. which atomic number 18 not burster phaeton cities in order to less depend on such a fragile business.For the good face to be chose, securities industriousnesss research is deeply perspectiveed and analyzed base on Hard Rocks Standard market fib. The compendium is based on these following fundamental elements including demographics, visitant market trend, transportations, restaurants and nightclubs, risk of politics, real nation market and comparable market, t. This serious quantitative market research supports Hard Rock Cafe to pull in secure finiss for its business. Moreover, the success of every cafe in each location is as well contri saveing the useful teaching for Hard Rock caf to expand these other one and also to meliorate their efficiency of the whole irons success.Hard Rock now aims to the area of Europe, Latin America and Asia. Not all cities selected Hard Rock caf operated by itself but choose to franchise because of risks, economic challenges such as culture, inflation, exchange rate, may tinge its operating. Hard Rock chose to expand its chain to 2 big and busy cities (Bogota and Moscow) in nightlife , but they had two franchise to local partners there. Other Hard Rock Cafes in other place like Honolulu, Dubai .. leave behind be opening soon.2. Goods and returns contriveWith the name of Hard Rock Caf we can image the a typical their service with an electronic guitar and a simple logo, Hard Rock Cafe impress all peck entering its places the purlieu full of rock music which We cant see in any other kind of Caf or pubs and bars. Hard Rock Cafe not all officiates its clients food, rock passion but also the special type of enjoying .. Environment is also very typical way of Hard Rock Caf. It is easy to recognize from its outside or inside even other advertising that make its client remember Hard rock caf.Food and swallowing do not mean that they are not taken into consideration, courses in Hard Rocks menu are modified, upgraded and concentrated to fit client where it located For example, Thai Snack Combo is added into Hard Rock Cafe Bangkok.Regardless of age, class or gender, Hard Rock Cafe slogan Love all Serve all has been going to inaugurationher with its using throughout the years. All people putting their steps into Hard Rocks door feel that they are everlastingly welcome by an enthusiastic attitude, good smell of service. 3. QualityAs other business, Hard Rock cafs quality is one of the most important grammatical constituent during their operating. Keeping food, drinking and service quality ( employees behavior ) as well as music, environm ent is carried out regularly and it is required to get the full(prenominal)est judicial decision from clients. Improving quality at the cafe is always ensured and achieved their quality in the high gearest scale basing on the customer evaluation.Besides that, Hard Rock Cafe always update by time the music as well as change menus, environment, layouts, memorabilia, services and strategy to improve quality and adapt with the strike as its clients responses. 4. Process and capacity design. Hard Rock is a very big chain of cafes which provides 100,000 meals per day only(prenominal) strikering within the U.S. (3, vitamin D at Orlandos Universal Studios), therefore it has to consider very carefully and carry out effectively. Non-current summation is always well managed and renewed. sweat, stuffs, inventory, other current as go by, memorial are all elements related, which are described with more details in the following decisions. It depends on the location and culture where Ha rd Rock caf is located, but the design of capacity and its process must follow standards of Hard Rock caf.5. Layout designLayout is the most key factor to make decisions in the long operation of Hard Rock caf. It depends on the scales which follow the market demand or the social norms in different areas. Caf module is differently designed in each city, such as Hard Rock Cafe in Las Vegas is decorated by a huge, outstanding guitar in front of the building and most of the seats are organized in a large piazza for outside view while the cafe in Ho Chi Minh is designed according to a little eastern style with ceiling lights and chairs. Hard Rock caf design is considered whether they must lease in a long term, the structure of construction should be set up or remodeled for its operation swimmingly and efficiently. Its places do not doom the same module design of Hard Rock Cafs chain. 6. humane picks and job designGood human re commencement strategies are expensive, difficult to ach ieve, and hard to sustain, like other umteen organizations, Hard Rock caf concentrate to build the human resource strategy. The purpose of human resource is that how employees contribute to firm and set up a reasonable quality of work life. Service industry is a industry employing around 75% of the people in the U.S, and Hard Rock have had huge network which creates a lot of jobs for people in the area it stands. All staff of Hard Rock Cafe must be required to have not only job skills, job definition but also passion of rock music as well as to engage their personalities. sooner working for Hard Rock Cafe, they are trained by Hard Rock caf and received a Hard Rock value card. Hard Rock employees pass on be proud to joint in a unique working environment and culture which appreciates the substantial diversity and individuality, personal and professional manner. Hard Rock has their promotion policies as well to encourage their employees loyalty, 60% managers of Hard Rock Cafe are p romoted from their worker. Managers performance is evaluated by a target, and they will receive bonus when exceeding the target. It encourages all managers of Hard Rock Cafe to become better not only depend on the available info, but also they have to forecast other impacts and effects on sales then set up these countermeasure to improve or prevent for their operating .All of above human resource policy always helps Hard Rock take a competitive advantage, increase more revenues and saving costs for their success. 7. Supply-chain managementOutsourcing is a creative management strategy that is prevalent method that a big-scale caller, like Hard Rock, using for its supply-chain management to improve efficiency working such as capital, inventory management and operating margins. Qualified suppliers or vendors are chosen and controlled to ensure enough, fresh and quality meals. Risk of outsourcing is considered carefully for Hard Rock caf operationHard Rock caf also manage the supply- chain risk by Hard Rock caf is reducing environment ( political) risk by franchising and licensing, rather than owning, when the political barriers seem significantiiHard Rock caf in 2003 had the fortunate engagement of Avicon architects of the new supply chain and provided expertise in logistics for Hard Rock. 8. InventoryAll company must establish system for managing inventory. Costs and expenditure can be substantial to store and get inventory. The way to manage inventory by ABC analysis, record accuracy make Just-in-Time inventory control, can save costs and let products and services to customers more quickly. The best management of supply-chain support Hard Rock to keep a honest and effective inventory. Foods and drinking need to be fresh and provided on time. excessively Hard Rock caf manage inventory base on the market demand to avoid long-term stock. A huge valued memorabilia are controlled by locations and catalogues and are renewed every few years. 9. planTypes of sch eduling decisions depend on type of company and its operating. Hard Rock Cafe applies shot-term forecasting scheduling to their services. It can be based on the real day-after-day activities and entropy from whole restaurants in right on Hard Rock chain. Every manager of each cafe set up its database to prepare the daily forecast which is recorded daily working. Next other factors, like upcoming events, major conventions, concerts, etc. are referred to. And then hourly sales are examined and Hard Rock is possible to calculate the time for rush or low hours in order to allocate suitable jobs for all employees..This way of above managing schedule support Hard Rock Cafe managers Who can predict the volume of people, theirs feeling may get in and enjoy in its restaurants and prepare a right human, foods and services to serve Hard Rocks people with the way, Just-In-Time to save the costs.10. MaintenanceMaintenance is the way to keep quality that is the key to success in all industry sectors. Hard Rock Caf use preventive maintenance for inspection and serving to keep their facilities in good condition. They also ad verticaled its menus and music time by time, it depend on locations, basing on the survey done. All kitchens, bar, restaurants or other equipments are maintained regularly under supervising.In order to modulate the brand name, Hard Rock Cafe creates its own website www.hardrock.com and maintain a cable television syllabus weekly on VH-1.Task 2 In the light of the above, discuss the operations management challenges and opportunities for Hard Rock when considering an expansion of its business into Hanoi.Hard Rock Cafe just established in Ho Chi Minh city. When expanding business into Hanoi, Hard Rock needs to survey the Hanoi market.Hard Rocks Standard market report following conditionsA- DemographicsAs Hard Rocks focus, Hanoi is the city center and have the nightlife with more small artificial satellite cities to be built around like Ha Dong, Trung hoa Nhan chinh, Bac Thang long. get is over 6,000,000 people (See table 2 below) with rapid urbanization , so tendency of population will surely increase in tight future. Hard Rock may have is more and more people (Foreigner and Vietnamese) in Hanoi bed Rock Roll music in Hanoi. And Hanoi is a choosier market for all cultural activities than Ho Chi Minh, it has quite loyal audiences if Hard Rock caf can convince them by the unique culture, fire activities. Moreover, the cheap labor is an important advantage that affects to its cost and particular the companys human resources strategy (See table1 below). Beside that the economic ability finger of Hanoi and Hanoi area is attractive for all business sector(See table 1 below)Table 1 (Economic index of Hanoi)Content200920102011 ( forecast)GDP per capita (UD$)171019002120GDP growth rate (%)6.70%11%11.50%CPI8.22%9.56%10% exchange rate (VND/US$)175001950021000 denotation VnEconomic-December 2010iiiB-Visitor market and market trendH anoi have Tourists and business visitor growth rate increase with 20,5% for opposeder ( 1.227 million people) and 10% for Vietnamese(7.392 million people) in the year 2010. Total revenue in tourist industry increased 26.9% in Hanoi -Report of Hanoi general statistic offices data December 2010(See table 2 below)Table 2 ( people and tourist of HanoiContent200920102011 ( forecast)Population (1000)648066176750Population growth rate (%)2%2.10%2%TouristForeigner (1000)108012271472Foreigner growth rate(%)11%20.50%20%Local tourist (1000)672073928130Local tourist growth rate (%)5%10%10%Source Report of Hanoi general statistic offices data December 2010.ivAs above data, Hanoi market of population and visitors is potential market for all kind of business, especially for service industryC-TransportationBecause Both population and tourist/ visitor have been increasing, so the trend of infrastructure suck as Hotel, Convention center, Entertainment service place .. to be increased . Transportat ion is concentrated priority, Phase two of Noibai airport is going to start within 2011 with ODA fund from Japan. Four lines subway are studying to build soon and some tie have been built crossing Red river. Also Hanoi have expanded the wide of many road and built the new road with high standard from Northern part to southern part, from eastern part to western part, they try to connecting center Hanoi to the rest of Hanoi by road, subway, railD-Restaurants and nightclubs right field location is a very important element for Hard Rock cafe to be self-made in Hanoi, where is the most tourist to stay and also there are many restaurants and nightclubs located, that is HoanKiem district in the center Hanoi which is called tourist town. But the lease cost for a centre position is in addition high and most of them are dominated by both foreign and local cafe brands, consist of Highland, Trung Nguyen with trademark G7.. There are also many potential competitors such as Coffee bonce and o ther foreign brands who really want to enter Hanoi markets as well like Gloria Jeans Coffee, etc.E-Political riskBesides, Vietnam is evaluated one of the most stably politic regimes. This situation allows Hard Rock caf to feel safe to invest the business in Hanoi. Vietnam government established a system of open policies, encouraging foreign investors to invest by foreign country investment law, develop Vietnam country and create jobs for local people.However, many environment challenges that Hard Rock Cafe has to consider before entering in Hanoi. Hanoian has the way to drink coffee and enjoy it in differently way. Almost them like to sit in a street-cafe with a cheap cup of coffee, making cafe by the traditional and simple method, talk each other, call for newspapers and look people passing by. There are not many people to spend high equipment casualty ( around VND 80,000,000 )on drinking a cup of coffee that Hard Rock may serve that average price for its items. One thing, the lo cal peoples judge of coffee and foods in is different. They are drinking stronger taste than the other countries. Robusta coffee in Viet Nam is more popular than Arabica. The type of cafe with live-music is more and more popular in Hanoi and its price is various from low-end to high-end level. With Hard Rocks price set (Hard Rock Ho Chi Minh), it can not only aim to rich people but also change clients capitulum or their consumption behavior.Local labor will be a issue that Hard Rock need to care about . The labor cost is cheap, but the tendency of labor cost is increasing year by year and local people are not familiar with the high international working intensiveness, style of unique business of Hard Rock cafe and they may not satiate with standard required. Hard Rock caf must train them and change their thinking, all labor need to be trained regularly and intensively. Furthermore, the Vietnamese is too modest, so they may not feel confident to show their thinking, personality a s expected by Hard Rock Caf.F-Real estate marketThe real estate market is rapidly increasing in recent years in whole country , peculiarly in Hanoi and Hochiminh City, the tendency of market is also increasing of capital investment, sector investment , source investment as well as management investment. The real estate price is too high where is good location (See table 3 below)Table 3 (Rental fee of office and shopping mall of Hanoi)Content200920102011 ( forecast)Rental fee ( $/m2/month)Office ($/m2/month)35.73435Office growth rate (%)-6%-5%3%Shopping mall ($/m2/month)40.142.245Shopping mall growth rate(%)-13%5%7%Source CB Richarsd Ellis Viet Nam -December -2010vThese entropy of the market brings development to Hard Rock if managers want to study and set up its business in Hanoi. They must have a comparable market analysis carefully then making their decision whether Hard Rock caf expand its business in Hanoi or not. Vietnam has not developed the information system and its info rmation is some time not unclear, so it is difficult for researchers to collect exactly data for studying all business.In summary, all above information which mention in this topic is only for us to have a look of Hanoi market, that is surely a potential market for doing business, but it is not sure for Hard Rock caf or other business to be successful when they set up business in Hanoi.So Hard rock need to analyse many factors and index such as breakeven point, IRR,RCE,ROCEinflation, exchange rate, GDP, GDP growth rate.. before they make final decision for expand their business in HanoiIn this topic we only concentrate to analyse the breakeven point and we read that all data collect from all sources to be acceptedAssumption that We will set up Har rock caf in Hanoi with capacity as follow-Area 400 m2, Labor 16 persons ( 2 shift/day), zeal investment 200,000 USD, design and reconstruction100,000USD, training cost 30,000USD and other 16,500 USD, other figure refer Table 1,2,3 abo ve.Option 1Option 2DefinitionDescriptionExplanationChange rental feeChange cost/unit5042.2351.51.251Area (400 m2)400Labor ( 2 shift)/day total 16 persons, 8persons/shiftNon-current assetDesign and construction ( 400m2)250$/m2100,000100,000100,000100,000100,000100,000Total Facility (USD)Full set200,000200,000200,000200,000200,000200,000Training (USD)Full course30,00030,00030,00030,00030,00030,000Other ( 5%)(USD)Allowance16,50016,50016,50016,50016,50016,500Total(USD)346,500346,500346,500346,500346,500346,500Depreciation ( 10 years)Depreciation/month(USD)Straight-line2,8882,8882,8882,8882,8882,888Fixed costRental fee ( 500m2)(USD)Option 120,00016,88014,00016,88016,88016,880Labor cost for 16 employees200$/p/month3,2003,2003,2003,2003,2003,200power consumption ( lighting..per /month500500500500500500Depreciation(USD)per /month2,8882,8882,8882,8882,8882,888Total set cost / month(USD)26,58823,46820,58823,46823,46823,468Variable costRaw material ( coffee, ice, sugar)(USD)cost /unit11110.75 0.75Material consumption ( flub ,tissue (USD)cost /unit0.50.50.50.50.50.25Total cost /unit(USD)Option 21.51.51.51.51.251.00Sale priceSale price/unit(USD)444444Breakeven pointBreakeven pointTotal fixed cost + total variable cost= total revenue X breakeven pointHow many units will be sold/month10,6359,3878,2359,3878,5347,823How many units will be / day355313275313284261Above analysis just give Hard Rock a data about the breakeven point which depend on the variation level of rental fee and unit cost, they must analysis more other variable. So Hard Rock caf should compare with its data of Hard Rock Cafs chain. Hard Rock decision cleric will make decision whether they are going to expand their business in Hanoi or not.

A Study Based On Senge Model

A Study Based On Senge modelingThe importance of presidencyal accomplishment in make-ups commode never be underestimated. In Malaysian manufacturing industries, the applications of brass sectional reading could be the crucial factors that flirt with the continuous improvement going. faceal teaching is a popular get aside among manufacturing cheeks. The administration removes to adapt to culture and surrounds changes. judicatureal teaching tail assembly be traced back to Cyert and March (1963) who introduced the terms of Organizational education. Some carry claimed that Argyris and Schn (1978) were the jump bulgeing line unrivaled to propose models that facilitate organisational attainment. Using Gregory Batesons opinions of first and second order breeding, they distinguish the single-loop and double-loop reading.Organizational instruction can be defined in various ways and an arrangement does non scarcely equal to(p) to read but it withal can unlear n in some way to enhance their continuous improvement. tally to Senges The ordinal Principles The craft and Practice of The teaching Organization book which was released in 1990, there argon louver dollar bill disciplines in Organizational learning. Those tailfin disciplines ar dodge thought go ain ascendence psychical ModelsSh bed deal police squad tuitionEach of this discipline can be utilise individu everyy or in whatever combination to suit an brass instrument needs. These disciplines submit been apply widely in public as well as reclusive sector to produce learning placement.This query bequeath be concentrate on the learning government practices in Malaysian manufacturing companies establish on the Senges five disciplines models. The manufacturing companies testament be selected from three manufacturing industries which is automotive, electronics and ICT. The independent variables in this query would be the Senge Five Disiplines Model and the dependen t variables in this look would be Learning Organizational. inquiry QuestionsIn order to remain private-enterprise(a), Malaysian manufacturing companies project been actively looking for ways to break learning government .The b arely way to stay ahead in this global business environment is the rate of learning of the make-up is greater than the rate of change.Mainly, this study tries to study the learning organization characteristics based on puppet Senges Model in Malaysian Manufacturing firms. Specifically this study attempt to answer these questionsIs there both recite of learning organization traits based on Senge Model in the selected manufacturing firms?What is the element in Senge LO Model that is dominant in the selected manufacturing firms?How logical implication is the distinction of LO dimension in the midst of the three clusters of manufacturing firms?ObjectivesTo investigate the evidence of learning organization traits based on Senge Model in the selected m anufacturing firms.To determine the element in Senge LO Model that is dominant in the selected manufacturing firmsTo determine whether there is a significance difference in the dimension of LO in three clusters of the manufacturing firms.1.4 Scope, Limitations and Key surmise of the projectThis study is based on Senges model of learning organization. genius of the models concerning description of learning organization is jibe Senges model. The essence of this model is the interconnectedness between individual learning and organisational learning. Organization can non learn until all the members begin to learn. (Senge, 1990). The respondents result be selected from three sectors of manufacturing in Malaysia automotive, electronics and ICT.There are some limitations in this interrogation. This question will not cover an organization culture and organization points of thinking in both of these concept since cartridge clip limitations as well as geographical factors. This look and covers manufacturing companies in Malaysia and will not be able to done look any(prenominal) former(a)(a) area or country. This magnate lead the results of the research single on that particular area.Some of the respondent (Managers and Supervisors) whitethorn ref procedure to respond since some of the companies verbalize some rules on regulation to the highest degree order confidentiality.1.5 Importance of the ProjectThis study was do to investigate the implementation of organizational learning concept in Malaysian manufacturing concept. This study was as well as made to determine the dominant element in Senges five disciplines that eat been apply in Malaysian manufacturing companies. By achieving both of these objectives, the researcher whitethorn able to go the progress and growth of Malaysian manufacturing in the organizational learning. This research also one of the few research that guidanceing on Senges five disciplines.This research was hoped to give mor e experienceing to managers and supervisors in applying organizational learning as well as building a learning organization. This research may be able to give manager a finish uper view on Senges five disciplines and the effects of it on an organization. It may also give the industrial a smart view on the difference in the dimension of organizational learning in three clusters of the manufacturing organizations.1.6 SummaryThis chapter consists of the program lines of this research. The fundament explains briefly the meaning of organizational learning and Senges five disciplines. This chapter also explains the objectives of this research as well as the research questions of this study.The significance of this research is it will explain the nature of a learning organization based on Malaysian manufacturing companies. It will also discover how well Senges model is accept by the companies.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionsThis chapter highlights the literature review on organizational learning which consist the ex intentation of the organizational learning as well as the rich history of it. It will explain about Senge Five Disciplines Models. This study utilise various reference materials as a guide lines such(prenominal) as books, journals, thesis and opposite published medium. The randomness from this research can be used to strengthen the understanding and conceptualized research modelling.2.2 Organizational LearningOrganizational Learning is considered one of the most(prenominal) coercive tools in an organization continuous improvement. Organizational learning can be defined in numerous ways since there are no absolute ways to implement organizational learning in an organization but there is only one goal in organizational learning which is sight on all levels in an organizational by individually or by radical continually and consistently improves their intimacy and ability on performing to work given to them.Organizational learning i s really important as its give an organization a clear flock or milestones where and what the organization destinys to achieve in few years ahead. It also important to k now that your organization grows through the years by learning and that is just what organizational learning can do for an organization. As today electrical and electronic industry blend more competitive than ever, it is important and at the same sentence relieving to know that your organization is learning and got what it takes to compete.2.2.1 Definition of Organizational LearningOrganizational learning has been around for a enormous period of time and there were more than one definition to define organizational learning.Arygis(1977) defines organizational learning as detection and master field of errors. He look outs that an organization learns from the individuals or the workers. He stated that The individuals learning activities, in turn, are facilitated or inhibited by an ecological administration of factors that may be called an organizational learning system (Arygris, 1977, p.117)One of the theorists in this field, Huber (1991) viewed organizational learning from behavioral perspective. An entity learns if, through its processing of instruction, the range of its potential behaviors is changed. (Huber, 1991) From this statement, an individuals dominance or potential does not always improve by learning. In addition to that, learning does not need to lead to changes that can be seen in behavior. Knowledge acquisition, randomness distribution, learning interpretation, and organizational memory is a four construct as integrally linked to organizational learning as has been considered by Huber. He explained that learning does not need to be conscious or intentional.Some other(a) notable definitions of organizational learning from well- cognise theorist in the field areThe ability of an organization to gain insight and understanding from experience through experimentation, obse rvation, analysis, and a willingness to view both successes and failures (McGill et al, 1992).in which you cannot not learn because learning is so insinuated into the framework of life. (Senge, 1990)a group of people continually enhancing their capacity to name what they call for to create.(Senge, 1990)A Learning Company is an organisation that facilitates the learning of all its members and infinitely transforms itself(Mike Pedlar, Tom Boydell, John Burgoyne, 1988)The Learning Organisation can mean ii things it can mean an organisation which learns and / or organisation which encourages learning in its people. It should mean both (Charles Handy, 1989)2.2.2 History of Organizational LearningAs has been mentioned forwards in chapter 1, organizational learning was first introduced by Cyert and March (1963). The concept of System Thinking was introduced in the 1950s. This concept implying that the organization needs to be aware about the organization as well as the individuals on the organization. Before this concept was introduced, most partnership only focus on the organization goals without considering the workers needs. This concept was never implemented in any organization at that time. Gould-Kreutzer Associates, Inc. defined System Thinking asA framework for seeing inter bloods rather than things to see the afforest and the trees. (Gould-Kreutzer Associates, Inc)This statement clearly stated that system thinking is concept that not only foc using on business or an organizational goals but to focus individuals needs and goals. The forest here is a metaphor for organization and the trees is a metaphor for individuals or workers in the organization. This concept is trying to change the managerial views at that time from being business goals-oriented to continuous improvement.From the concept of System Thinking, a new system emerged which was called Decision Support System (DSS). This concept is changing the handed-d cause way of decisions making. Th is new model help executive to make decisions for the company future. Incidentally, the model benefits management more rather than the systems operation. This is because the model more focuses on what the business really was and providing the alternatives for the future. One of DSS major contribution is that it made understood knowledge explicit. This has caused the organization have more knowledge to explore and learn better than before since explicit knowledge spread much swift throughout the organization. Because of this, DSS can be seen as additional mode of communication.The idea of this concept later was renamed into organizational learning in 1970s. Some have claimed that the term of Organizational Learning was introduced by Cyert and March (1963). One of the soonest theorists in organizational learning was and soothe is Chris Arygris. He published a book entitled Organizational Learning in 1978 and Organizational Learning II in 1996. At that time, Organizational Learni ng concept was still not taken seriously by any organizations.Not until Peter Senge published the book The Fifth Principles The Art and Practice of The Learning Organization in 1990 the organizational learning is taken importantly. This book solve many organizations to start taking Organizational learning into consideration. Since then, organizational learning has evolved until what of we known as today.2.3 The Fifth Discipline The Art and Practice of the Learning OrganizationIn 1990, Peter Senge, one of the theorist and gurus in Organizational Learning published a book that changed the managerial views. The book entitled The Fifth Principles The Art and Practice of The Learning Organization. In the book, Senge list out five discipline that is a must in a learning organizational. The five disciplines are Personal Mastery, System Thinking, Mental Models, Shared Vision and team up up Learning.2.3.1 Personal MasteryOrganizations learn only through individuals who learn. Individual learning does not guarantee organizational learning. But without it no organizational learning occurs (Senge, 1990, p.139)Personal mastery is the discipline of continually clarifying and deepening our ad hominem mess, of focusing our energies, of machinateing patience, and of seeing reality objectively (Senge, 1990, p. 7)It goes beyond competence and skills, although it involves them. It goes beyond spiritual opening, although it involves spiritual growth (Senge, 1990, p. 141)From these citations from Senge, we can leave off that an organization only learns when the individuals or the workers in the organizations start to learn. Personal mastery its a traits that every individuals should have. The higher level of ainized mastery an individual has the stronger their will to continue learning and improve themselves.Peter Senge mentioned in his book Personal Mastery as People with a high level of individual(prenominal) mastery live in a continual learning mode. They never arriv e. Sometimes, language, such as the term personal mastery creates a jerry-built sense of definiteness, of black and white. But personal mastery is not something you possess. It is a process. It is a lifelong discipline. People with a high level of personal mastery are acutely aware of their ignorance, their incompetence, their growth areas. And they are deep self-confident. Paradoxical? Only for those who do not see the journey is the reward. (Senge, 1990, p.142)From what Senge has cited, we know that the goals are not the reward the journey toward the goals is the reward itself. The lifelong process of learning is what Personal Mastery is all about. The acknowledgement of not astute and the desire to learn is what drives an individual to learn and to achieve Personal Mastery. In other words, without Personal Mastery disciplines in the individuals, the organizations might never start to learn.Those who have a high level of Personal Mastery might often find asking these kinds of q uestions to themselvesWhy do I have to learn this?Why is it important to learn?To summarize it, personal Mastery helps and guides an individual to realize what they have and what they dont. It also makes an individual aware of their pose and belief as well as be responsible to their action.2.3.2 System ThinkingIn his book, Peter Senge also includes a system system among the five disciplines. Some have claimed that system thinking is the conceptual radical of the Senges five discipline models. This mainly because of peter Senge said it himself It is the discipline that integrates the others, fusing them into a coherent body of theory and practice (Senge, 1990, p.12)Senge explained more on system thinking in his book. He mentioned system thinking is interconnected with other four disciplines. Systems thinking also needs the disciplines of building shared vision, psychogenic models, team learning, and personal mastery to realize its potential. structure shared vision fosters a co mmitment to the long term. Mental models focus on the desolation needed to unearth obliviouscomings in our present ways of seeing the field. Team learning develops the skills of groups of people to look for the larger picture beyond individual perspectives. And personal mastery fosters the personal motivation to continually learn how our actions impress our world. (Senge, 1990, p.12)System thinking can be said as a system that should be use on overcoming problems as a whole, not only on that particular problem. Focusing only on ad hoc part or problem may lead to unwanted or unintended consequences. Instead of focusing only on that specific move or problems System Thinking take larger accounts and investigate the interactions of the separate or problems with every other parts of the system.This characteristic makes it an effective resolution method especially when dealing with difficult types of problems. The problems that involving complex issues and needed to be seen by big picture, the problems that recurring or depending on the past, and the problems which the solution are not obvious are the ones that needed the application of System Thinking.As Peter Senge said in his book, We learn best from our experience, but we never directly experience the consequences of many of our most important decisions,(Senge, 1990, p.23) we tend to focus only on the solution that problems cause but only on the short-terms. System Thinking forces an organization not only focusing on the solution for improvement for a shot-term but at the long-term as well.Peter Senge also urged organizations to use System map. System map is a diagram showing the important elements or parts in the organization and how they were connected to each other.Here is the example of System Map.(Source www.cogneon.de)CUsersNAIM RAHIMDownloadslearning-organization.png look-alike 2.1 System Map Learning Organizations2.3.3 Mental ModelsPeter Senge defines Mental Models as deeply ingrained assumptions, generalizations, or even pictures and images that influence how we understand the world and how we take action (Senge, 1990, p.8)Mental models are the vision we have in our mind. How our mind process the things we see and what we expect to happen in the future. For example, when we see a bullet shot to a balloon, our mind would come out with what would happen to the balloon. Most of us would have the vision of the balloon explode. From this example, we can assume that our mind can share the same vision. Applying this to an organization, if the workers or individuals in the organization shared the same vision, they can changed their behavior and shape their strategies and home(a) ways of working.The discipline of mental models starts with turning the mirror inward learning to unearth our upcountry pictures of the world, to bring them to the surface and hold them rigorously to scrutiny. It also includes the ability to carry on learningful conversations that balance inquiry and advo cacy, where people uncover their own thinking effectively and make that thinking open to the influence of others. (Senge, 1990, p.9)From this citation, Peter Senge said that every thought should be mentioned and exposed so everyone can learn and influence from ones thought. By doing this, an organization can start learning as everyone will start to learn new skills and develop new orientations parallel to the organization goals. Senge also said that Mental Models is abject the organization in the right direction entails working to transcend the sorts of internal politics and game work oning that dominate traditional organizations. In other words it means fostering openness (Senge, 1990, p.273-286).Senge continued by proverb It also involves seeking to distribute business responsibly far more widely while retaining coordination and control. Learning organizations are localized organizations (Senge, 1990, p.287-301)Models are not perfect but sometimes it can be useful. In this cas e, Mental Models are not an exceptional but if the organization using it in the right ways, there are so many things it can learn from it.2.3.4 Building Shared VisionShared vision refers to the ability for an organization to share or hold the same goals or future that they want to achieve. According to Senge, building a shared vision is the capacity to hold a share picture of the future we seek to create (Senge, 1990, p.9)Building a shared vision for an organization is very important. All individuals in the organization will work toward one goal, which will make the organization, become more effective. This also can foster a sense of the long term which is fundamentally one of the five disciplines core beliefs.When there is a trustworthy vision (as opposed to the all-to-familiar vision statement), people excel and learn, not because they are told to, but because they want to. But many leaders have personal visions that never get translated into shared visions that galvanize an orga nization What has been absent is a discipline for translating vision into shared vision not a cookbook but a hardening of principles and guiding practices.(Senge, 1990, p.9)The practice of shared vision involves the skills of unearthing shared pictures of the future that foster genuine commitment and enrolment rather than compliance. In mastering this discipline, leaders learn the counter-productiveness of trying to impose a vision, no matter how heartfelt. (Senge, 1990, p.9)It is very important for any organization leader to realize the importance of shared vision. The leader not only should be able to command the workers to do things but also to create a learning organization which the workers not only learn continuously because they have to, but because they want to. The individuals in the organization also play an important role in shared vision. They must clearly understand the shared vision of the organization and also know where they are at the present and they want to b e in the future.2.3.5 Team LearningAccording to Senge, team learning is the process of aligning and ontogenesis the capacities of a team to create the results its members truly desire(Senge, 1990, p.236)By having Personal Mastery and Shared Vision, an organization may have Team Learning. But most of the times it is not luxuriant. An organization needs to get the workers to act unneurotic. By having the workers work together as a team, the shared vision and personal mastery become better and the organizational learning can be achieve.The discipline of team learning starts with dialogue, the capacity of members of a team to suspend assumptions and enter into a genuine thinking together. To the Greeks dia-logos meant a free-flowing if meaning through a group, allowing the group to discover insights not attainable individually. It also involves learning how to grant the patterns of interaction in teams that undermine learning. (Senge, 1990, p.10)To start team learning, the individual s of the organization must start to speak their mind up. In my opinion, this is what Senge means by dialogue. When people start to speak up their mind, other people would give their own opinion and start a discussion or a genuine thinking together. It also helps the group to achieve an insight which might not be able to be achieved by thinking individually. By using team learning, the team may identify the kind of interaction that may stop the learning progress in the team.As people talk, the vision grows clearer. As it gets clearer, enthusiasm for its benefits grow (Senge, 1990, p.227)By constantly sharing insightful information and knowledge, the visions become clearer and the enthusiasm will be spread among the individuals in the organization.2.4 Relationships between Senge Five Disciplines Model, Organizational Learning and Malaysian manufacturing companies.Manufacturing industry is probably one of the most competitive industries in Malaysia. Thats why it is very important for t he manufacturing companies to livelihood learning. The companies that capable of learning will have a big favor than those who didnt. In this research, the researcher will try to found out the evidence of Senge Five Disciplines model that forms a learning organization in Malaysian manufacturing companies. In recent years, Malaysian manufacturing companies begin to adapt to the learning organization theories but it was never been proved that Senge Five disciplines models were used in their parkway on becoming a learning organization.2.5 SummaryFrom this chapter, we can conclude that there are the relationship exists between Senge Five Disciplines Model, Organizational Learning and Malaysian manufacturing companies. By understanding the relationship between these three, the question now arise as to which disciplines from the five disciplines are the dominant element in Malaysian manufacturing companies. The theoretical framework for this research as in sidestep 2.1Malaysian Manufa cturing CompaniesLearning OrganizationTeam LearningShared VisionMental ModelsSystem ThinkingPersonal MasteryIndependent VariablesDependent VariablesTable 2.1 conjectural FrameworkCHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionThis chapter outlines the research the research human body for this study and the manner in which the research was conducted. The research methodology used in this study is described. This chapter consists of research image, method research design, autochthonic and alternate data sources, research strategy, and scientific canons. The instruments used to collect data are also described.3.2 Research DesignResearch design can be divided into fixed and flexible research designs (Robson, 1993). As in this research, the three-figure approach was taken. As has been described by Burns and Grove (1993, p.777) valued research is a formal, objective, systematic process to describe and test relationship and examine cause and effect interactions among variables. Research desig n is important because it gives the direction to the study and what to find that may be significant to the study.3.2.1 Exploratory studiesAn searching study is a type of studies or research conducted when the problems are not clearly defined. Exploratory studies usually depends on substitute research such as reviewing past journals, literature and data, interviewing experts in the industry, conducting in-depth individual interview and sometimes conducting focus group interview.3.2.2 Descriptive studiesDescriptive studies sometimes can be referred as statistical research. The objective of descriptive studies is to gain an accurate pen of events, persons or federal agencys (Saunders, 1997). Descriptive studies usually involved observing and describing the behavior of subject without influencing it in any way. Descriptive studies cannot describe what cause a situation although the data description is factual, accurate and systematic.3.2.3 Explanatory studiesThe informative studies explained the way of sealed event. The outcomes of event could be either positive or negative. So basically, the explanatory research is a research that conducted to find out and to explain any behavior or event.3.3 Research Design MethodThe research design for this study is the by using the quantitative method. Surveys and questionnaire may be used for the descriptive, explanatory and exploratory research. The questionnaire in this research is a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was made for data and information collection and it will be distributes personally by the researcher. This research design was chosen to accomplish the objectives of the study and the researcher believes that the quantitative method is the best way to meet those objectives.3.3.1 Quantitative MethodQuantitative research method is a non-numeric data such as words, images, video clips, and other similar material. The aim of quantitative research is to develop statistically trusty informatio n from sample data that can be generalized to a larger population (Dutka, 1995). Quantitative research uses a relatively short structured questionnaire, while the written report sample should be large enough in order to provide a statistically reliable set of responses.The cool information is also analyzed using specific statistical techniques and quantitative tools. In the case of customer satisfaction measurement and developing new product, this type of research is focused on the quantification of satisfaction information. The most frequently used types of quantitative research are mail comply, personal interviews, and telephone hatfuls (Gerson, 1993).3.4 base and secondary data sourcesIn this research, the data and information collected from two main sources which are the primary resources and the secondary resources.3.4.1 Primary dataThe primary data for this research are the book from Peter Senge which was released in 1990, The Fifth Principles The Art and Practice of The Learning Organization. Another primary data for this research would be the questionnaire that will be distributed to three sectors of manufacturing in Malaysia automotive, electronics and ICT. From here, the researcher will gather the data in the three sectors managers or supervisors that involved in the surveys whether by face-to-face, emails, telephone calls or any other ways.3.4.2 Secondary dataThe secondary data in this study were collected before the researcher proceeds to collect the primary data in the three sectors of manufacturing industry in Malaysia automotive, electronics and ICT. A bunch of useful information was collected as it is already exist in the form of secondary data. The secondary data that was used in this study are journals, relevant internets site, magazines and articles.3.5 Location of ResearchThe lacation or this research would be focusing on Malaysian Manufacturing. The group focus would be3.6 Research StrategyResearch strategy can be defined as a plan fo r a researcher to achieve the objectives of the study as well as how the reascher going to answer the research questions. There are many strategies that can be used in research strategies such as Experimental, survey, archival research and case study.The researchers choose the survey strategy for this study. The reason survey method was chose is because they allow the collect quantitative data and can purpose possible reasons for particular relationship between independent variables and dependent variables. It also gives the researcher more control over the research process as well as lower in cost compared to other methods. The strategies for the survey method are as followsPreparing the SurveyAs has been mentioned before, the research will be using quantitative method where a set of survey is used to gather related data and information for this study. The questionnaire or the surveys were constructed based on the research question and research objectives. The respondent for the q uestionnaire would be the employees from Malaysian manufacturing industries.Survey research designThe survey design divided to some(prenominal) ways. There are structured way (the formal list of questions use and all the respondents have to answer the same question) an

International Accounting Developments in Egypt

outside(a) Accounting Developments in EgyptIdentify the spirit of the business relationship system used in the sphere and give pecuniary backing evidence to justify the reasons for your decision.As a republic, Egypt has experienced a hammy change towards democracy and transp arency. This has further been exposed within the financial statements produced in the country. Through the development of the Egyptian Accounting Standards, the country has transformed from a centralised economy, branded by secrecy to an economy found nigh the global market, providing full disclosure for its stakeholders (Dahawy, merino and Conover, 2002. pp. 203,204). The performting of accountancy standards in Egypt since January 2016 has been a combined effort of a committee of experts from The Egyptian rules of order of Accountants examineors, the Central Auditing Agency, the General Authority for Investment and the Egyptian Institute of Accountants. The Egyptian Accounting Standards follow a principle found write up policy, identical that of the IFRS. External factors concord a direct influence on the financial reports of a firm, based on where it is operational. Whilst Egypt develops into a more democratic nation, the genial, frugalal and political factors get out develop the accounting standard. As (Adela, D. 2011) states, many specialists retrieve this is not possible using a rules-based accounting policy, and instead these rules should fortify a principle, sooner than rending it meaningless.Explain any differences amid the accounting standards/system used in the country under re observe and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards calling card (IASB).From 2006, the Egyptian Accounting Standards have released an entire set of Standards, with 35 of those based on the IASs. Only EAS 1, 10, 19 and 20 are the exceptions. EAS 1 focuses on the presentation of the financial statements, like that of I AS 1. The Egyptian Accounting Standard requires the dissemination of attains to employees and board of the directors to decrease the retained earnings at one time, without effecting the income figure in the income statement. This has an immediate effect on the Earnings per Share calculation. EAS 10, fixed assets and wear and tear, supplys a distinct difference to IAS 16. EAS 10 prevents the re-evaluation of a fixed asset, unless the situation is mavin approved by the Egyptian law. Under IAS 16, the asset is carried at a re cling tod come in, being the fair value at that date less depreciation and impairment, thus providing a fair value that can be mensurable reliably (Iasplus.com, n.d.). EAS 19 emphases the disclosure in the financial statements. It necessitates that the accumulation of habitual provisions for loans, is fashioned with a decrease of income in the income statement, rather that the IFRS 7 requirement of decreasing the sum from owners equity. Although EAS 10 do es not directly affect the owners equity, as net income is include in calculating the owners equity, a reduction in income would in effect reduce the owners equity. One genuine change that does occur for the business through the difference is that of the profit margin. EAS 20 surrounds a companys use of leasing. The requirement of the Egyptian Accounting Standard is that musical composition the asset is leased, the lessor must keep the asset in their accounting books, and will depreciate it whilst the lessee reports the rental payments as expenses, contradicting the requirements of IAS 17 where leased assets are enured in the balance sheet as a receivable, at an amount equal to the total investment in the lease (Iasplus.com, n.d.).Critically address whether you believe these differences cause study issues from the glancepoint of global stakeholders. Global stakeholders, such(prenominal) as World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have had a major influence on the Egyptia n economy since 1991, when an economic reform was launched by the government (Khlif and Samaha, 2013). Since taking an interest in Egypt, major stakeholders such as WB and IMF have pressured Egypt towards adopting the International Accounting Standards, guarantee that the application and implementations of the accounting standards are necessary to the confidence of external investors supplying the economy with funding (reference). To an extent, with the exception of four standards, the EAS has been built on this influence, evolution on the International standards and applying the standards suitable to the Egyptian environment. The difference in EAS 1 to that of IAS 1 directly effects the earnings per share of the company. This could cause cloudiness for conflicting investors, expecting that the company is in a significantly healthier position, as the earnings per share is often used as a neb to evaluate a companys profitability. Revaluation of fixed assets allows investors and the business to accurately view the true market value of a fixed asset. The difference between EAS 10 and IAS 16 could cause a impediment to foreign investors in evaluating the true value of a companys assets. Without re-evaluating these assets, a companys financial reports will show their fixed assets as a much higher amount than their assets are periodly worth in the market. This is especially true for technology based fixed assets which have a rapid decrease in value over time. A higher fixed asset amount causes hindrance in calculating a companys true net assets as substantially as the companys fixed asset turnover ratio. The main concern for stakeholders through the differences of EAS 19 and IFRS 7 would be the effect on the profit margins of the company. The profit margin of a company is calculated as net income shared by sales. With EAS 19 reducing income from the accumulation of general provisions for loans the numerator of the comparability will reduce, causing the bu siness to appear less profitable, discouraging foreign investors. EAS 20, unlike EAS 1,10 and 19, can give confidence in the financial reports to stakeholders. remote IAS 17, under EAS 20, a leased asset remains in the financial reports of the lessor, allowing a clearer understanding to stakeholders the value of the assets and liabilities of the company. As a developing country, Egypt had a lack of alternative information sources for investors, such as earnings forecasts, since the submission of the standards in Egypt, this information has become easier to obtain (Ragab and Omran, 2006). These differences in standards hasnt been the only difficulty for the view of foreign investors, (Salem. 2001. p.112) has also described the difficulty caused through the earthly concern of multiple comments of the accounting standards, provided by the ECM, CAA and Egyptian accounting profession, forcing investors rely on their intuitiveness, rather than the information provided in the financial reports of Egyptian organisations.Evaluate whether the current position, and any near future changes are likely to lead to issues regarding the country achieving full convergence with IFRS as issued by the IASB Throughout the development of the EAS, thither has always been a connection to the standards of the International Accounting Standard. In 1997, the EAS was characterised of 19 standards, primarily based on that of the International Accounting Standard (Dahawy, Merino and Conover, 2002). The main concern on the standard, although stated by the EIAA that the EAS was essentially an Arabic Version of the International Accounting Standard, (Hassan. 2008) acknowledged that two interviewees stated that the translations of the standards included some mistakes, in addition (Hassan. 2008) continues to pronounce the descriptions as similar, yet do not mirror that of the IASs. An official translation of the standards arrived in 2002, with the introduction of trinity new standards, by t he Arab Society of Certified Accountants, based in Jordan. (Carruthers, 1995) has debated that create the standards through a combined effort, these organisations have contributed further in avoiding the sufferance of the IAS in Egypt. This is due to each organisation providing similar, yet slightly different descriptions for the standard allowing business managers the discretion to choose a suitable description for their desires, and not conforming to the framework provided by the IAS. As (Hassan. 2008) presented in a case study on financial reporting in Egypt, harmonisation between the EAS and IFRS would not entirely meet the needfully of stakeholders, as the country has developed standards to better suit the environment in which the firms providing the reports are operating in. Although a previously centralised economy, since 1997 the Egyptian Capital Market set laws to ensure to legally enforce that joint stock companies and partnerships limited by shares that their financia l statements must be in harmony with the standards set by the IAS. While there is some harmony between the two accounting standards, (Hassan. 2008) clarifies in his findings that the Egyptian Accounting Standards were designed solely to overcome the pre-existent socialist accounting practises, whilst also increasing the adherence to the process of privatisation. good convergence is a very difficult task due to political, economic, social and cultural factors that differ between each country. One possible lane for the country to obtain this convergence would be to follow the FASB in the initiation of the Memorandum of Understanding (Fasb.org,2014) and work together with the IASB to rather than trying to elapse the differences between the standard develop a new common standard, to cleanse the quality of the financial reporting.ReferencesAdela, D 2011, Principles- and rules-based accounting debate. implications for an emergent country, Annals Of The University Of Oradea, scotch Science Series, 20, 1, pp. 602-608, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost.Alexander, D. and Jermakowicz, E. (2006). A true and fair view of the principles/rules debate. Abacus, 42(2), pp.132-164.Carruthers, B. (1995). Accounting, ambiguity, and the new institutionalism. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 20(4), pp.313-328.Dahawy, K., Merino, B. and Conover, T. (2002). The conflict between IAS disclosure requirements and the secretive culture in Egypt. Advances in International Accounting, 15, pp.203-228.Dahawy, K., Shehata, N. and Ransopher, T. (2011). The State of Accounting in Egypt A Case. pp.2-8.Iasplus.com. (n.d.). IAS 16 Property, establish and Equipment. online Available at https//www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias16 Accessed 2 Jan. 2017.Iasplus.com. (n.d.). IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment. online Available at https//www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias16 Accessed 2 Jan. 2017.Kamal Hassan, M. (2008). The development of accounting regulations in Egypt. Managerial A uditing Journal, 23(5), pp.467-484.Khlif, H. and Samaha, K. (2013). Internal Control Quality, Egyptian Standards on Auditing and External Audit Delays Evidence from the Egyptian Stock Exchange. International Journal of Auditing, 18(2), pp.139-154.Mostafa Kamal Hassan, (2008) Financial accounting regulations and organizational change a Habermasian perspective, Journal of Accounting Organizational Change, Vol. 4 Iss 3, pp.289 317Ragab, A. and Omran, M. (2006). Accounting information, value relevance, and investors behavior in the Egyptian equity market. follow of Accounting and Finance, 5(3), pp.279-297.Salem, A.K. (2001). The role of financial disclosure in serving the needs of investors decision-making processes under the economic liberalisation policy in Egypt. Unpublished Ph.D dissertation. Alexandria University.

Life for ofelia of pans labyrinth

Life for ofelia of pans labyrinthIntroduction (2,500)In the socio-economic class of 2006 we saw two girls f totally true deal a rabbit m expiry of mystery, wonder and danger. Two egg-producing(prenominal) heros steepd with the semblance military personnels of Terry Gilliams Tideland (2006) and Guillermo Del Toros Pans internal ear (2006). For Jeliza Rose in Tideland, life was hard and l unmatchedly and so she began to discharge into a shape-shif standg and ab out(p)what sur genuinely version of her difficult reality. Life for Ofelia of Pans labyrinth, is the gaga and unforgiving environment of fascist Spain, where she befriends a faun and learns of a fantastical realm where she is princess. These girls atomic number 18 faced with tough and unsympathetic realities and a fall blue the rabbit hole somewhat rescues them. Next in 2007, The Bridge to Terabithia (2007) presents some other pincer protagonist whose engagement with an tack reality has shocking and shatter effects. It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the ..This is go of a youthful and unmistakeable revival of interest in legerdemain in the last a couple of(prenominal) course of regards, fantasy in general has roared back into a prominent take in popular tillage1 with the emergence of screen adaptations of fantasy novels. The pivotal year for the resurgence in fantasy was 2001 where the first instalment of J.K. Rowlings Harry throwster with Chris Colombuss Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone (2001) and the first part of J.R.R. Tolkiens The Lord of the peal with Peter Jacksons The Fellowship of the Ring(2001) gained box office success a incidental global hunger for fantasy2has been revealed. David butler contemplates an apparant golden age of fantasy3 due to the boylike commodifcation of the fantastic. Howvere there turn out been despite a general lack of study and theorising of the fantastic there has been some abundance in analysis since this revival yet there seems to be a gap in the flying field in terms of the focus of the fry portagonist in relation to the contentoius and debeateable task of escapism. This paper contenplates the how apiece of theses films engage with fantasy and wthat the implications of escapism are. A considertaion at bottom films diegesis concerning the kidskin protagonists relation to escapism and alternate realities is constituteWhat is interesting near each of the studied films is all concern pubescent tike protagonists who go to alternate worlds. The child hero figure is profound, timeless and powerful and this massive popularity has many implications for the audience. by constructing a cinematic thinkingpoint from a childs perspective, film fakers make assumptions about the nature of childhood. The childhood as a point of view is rendered by filmmakers where the child, or children, feature, often at the centre of the narration, while at the same time, signif brooklty acting as the narrator. These are films that use a child to take us on a journey of discovery. ESCAPISM melodic line?-that these dark fantasy films present inncoence against adult vice and that subsequently ADULTS looking at UNCOMFOTABLE AND REACT NEGATIVELY. The childs superior wisdom, an assumed vantage point of innocence and greater access to fantasy, leaves the adults in the audience to see their own absurdity and cruelty through the eyes of the child,4 this is a prevalent feeling in Tideland and Pans Labyrinth as the sexual promiscuity of Dell and the violence and corruptedness of Captain Vidal is posit against the fragile youthfulness of the Ofelia and Jeliza-Rose. ESCAPISM ARGUMENTThrough the eyes of the child, we engage with the wonderous and the strange, which becomes a reservoir of strength for the child.The notion that the child as an innocent, minute and untouched figure is one that is enchanting to audiences and filmmakers alike. The young feisty feminine protagonists in these films ho ld back developed and are a far blazon out from the passive and submissive, one dimensional characters of Disney. This is significant in the development of the child protagonist and alternate world song and dance as Disney dominated that fairytale on film niche. The innovative animation of Disney was indeed extraordinary, yet in Jack Zipes view Disney actually promoted the domestication of the imagination.5 Walt Disneys fairytale films offered an eternal sire of the same, with stereotypical characters and a significant emphasis on thematic friendly organisation aswell as an encouragement of non-reflective reviewing.6 Zipes makes the argument that Disney produces turned on(p)ly comfort, unchallenging material. In contrast to Disneys reproduction of fairytale film, Guillermo Del Toros Pans Labyrinth, Terry Gilliams tideland and Gabor Csupos The Bridge to Terabithias combines a rendering of the fairytale narrative (in the case of Pans Labyrinth), various styles and themes to cr eate complex and challenging films that cross generic wine boundaries. Tough, resilient girls whose harsh realities are thrust upon the audience in an un comforting manner are the feature of these latest fantasy films. This paper considers young female protagonists who have to encounter and deal with dramatic and fundamental changes in their lives. These are related to the revolution of girls into women emergence of puberty and adult sexuality. primal to this project is a focus on psycho sexual and social transformations. The child hero figure is a powerful and profound one that has a timeless essence. And this familiar hope of the child hero is evident at the centre of each of these films. The popularisation and special K use of the child figure has its roots in Victorian society, an era in which fairytales were institutionalized in the West. At the end of the nineteenth carbon fairytales were world indite and published in abundance after a period of being directed at the adult elite classes they began to be created for children and the family. Industrialization had radically change society and effects of alienation and repression were felt.Alices Adventures in Wonderland (1865)7 written in Britain by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pen name of Lewis Carroll. Alices Adventures in Wonderland was deliberately created with a total absence of didacticism8 and is considered one of the wildest and imaginative of Fairy Tales in vcitorian society. The highly triple-crown novel tells the story of Alice who takes down a trip down a rabbit hole to a Wonderland of pun, symbolism and nonsense. Carrolls Alice books (nine in total) were part of a movement which began to expeiement with Tzvetan Todorovs notion of non-signification, which is now an established mode of the fantastic. Epistempological head was the feature of much nineteenth centuray literature, themes of madness, hallucinations, double personalities and general splitting and divisions of subject s make up the gothic, marvellous and fantastic literature. Carrolls Wonderland presents a the challenging of self. Identity is unstable, Alice shrinks and grows in size, and the Cheshire cat disappears to a grin creating the plasticity of a dream9.Books which have been adaptetd inot successful films and television serial publication ushc as Alices Advanetures In Wonderland, The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz and The Chronicles Of Narnia series written over between mid nineteenth century and the mid-twentieth century all feature adventourous young protagonists with either have absent parents or are orphans, who all embark on their own journeys of discovery . the poratgonist are at a prebuscent age and are sexual and asexual at the same time, the journeys they take involve gaining maturity a sensibleness that is nigher to that of an adult toward the end. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz written in 1900 by American novelist Frank. L Baum features another one of the most recognised young female pro tagonists young orphaned Dorothy Gale. The novel was immensely popular on ignition and several film adaptations have been created since. MGMs 1939 technicolor screen adaptation, The Wizard ofOz directed by Victor Flemming is the most widely acknowledged version and remains a staple part of American (and Western) popular culture. later on the success of the films the report of Dorothy Glae and the land of Oz grew to become a commodity and gained a cultural following, (such as the charcters and icongraohy from the film appeared in the Christmas 2009 Harrods window display) . The sepia colours of the opening and ending of Flemmings film emohasuzes the bleakness and dreariness thta Dorothy percievs the farm where she lives to be, aswell as reflecting the feelings of disenchantment that nation felt due to the hardship of the Deppression in America at the time, stack cold relate to Dorothys dissatis situationion in her surroundings, they as well longed for somewhere over the rainbow . After realising that there is no place like home Dorothy returns to Kansas, and a common feature of fairytakles and childrens literature, the return-to-reality diaphragm is provided. Dorothy, disenchanted and with only her dog ToTo as go with suddenly hurricane suddenly seizes the farm and Dorothy lands in Oz, filmed in burnished technicoulur emphasizing the spectacularness and wonder of her fantasy world. Dorothy lives with her inattentive aunt and uncle, unloving mothers or substitute mothers are a frequent character in fairytales, which leaves the protagonist feeling unloved. If we accept the common psychoanalytic reading that Oz represents Dorothys mind and so it can be read that the characters are exaggerated parts of herself the gloomy and self-critical scarecrow may reflect Dorothys low self esteem, the rigid tin man who cannot feel love be a sign of Dorothys emotional repression and the cowardly lion could indicate her lack of moral assurance.10 however, in the film, i t is made clear that her three companions were actually the farmhands all along. The characters journey to the wizard to sterilise about and obtain lacking fairnesss a brain signifying intelligence, a heart importee love and courage indicating self belief and confidence. The fact that we realise they each had the qualities they were searching for means, in the case of the book, Dorothy does also. Baum provides a clear message that we have within us the qualities we seek.11 Jones asserts that this message is of considerable reassurance to children in the process of maturation12 the alternate worlds provide opportunities to learn about the human condition and for self discovery, for the reader-audience aswell as for the protagonist. The return to Kansas which acts as closure, therefore rejects fantasy by sentamentalizing it13 and ignoring its subversive implications. Dorothys manage to return to Kansas is fulfilled and Aunt Ems joy at having Dorothy return emphasizes Dprothys cons cious contentment as shebecomes a maternal and affectionate mother figure. Has Kansas changed and has Dorothy transformed? Dorothy is transported to the splendorous and green world of Oz out of the dreariness of Kansaa, yet she wishes for return and so home is never far away. Dorothy cannot leave Oz until she completes tasks, which include killing witches, thusly she a fantasy world provides immense powers, she must then square up the wizard. The fact taht she can only return to Knasa after learning of the enchantments and dangers of Oz alludes to the fact that fantasy is about confronting as oppose ot evading reality. C. S. Lewis presented Gary Westfahl observes the long-established concern with the romantic child western tradition has long honoured children as being purer and naturally come apart than adults because they have not yet been corrupted by worldly ship canal they lie in William Blakes blessed world of innocence, not his wicked world of feature14 The image of the ch ild as being closer to God than the adult, is set against the adult who is morally unclean due to the corruption of wicked own appeared in much religious ritual and ancient myth. Children traditionally verbalise to represent innocence15. It is interesting to note that the word innocence is cognate with deleterious and derives from Latin nocere to harm (Stein) innocence then is the condition of being unharmed,16 which is where the enthrallment with the idea of the child arose. The opposite of innocence then is experience, which gives us the form of address of William Blakes Songs of Innocence and of Experience. Blake sets up powerful binaries of childhood innocence and adults as go through thus spiritually harmed, this literature has had a powerful influence on and reflected Victorian societys attitudes. The passage assumes a world in which any experience is dangerous to the soul. Marina Warner, a writer and mythographer has contributed significantly to the theory of film which has a relatively short lived history. She brings an understanding of modes of narration and codes of commission which distinguish the medium as ones that are prefigured by an extensive history of cultural production, greatly influencing the medium. With a strong affinity to writer Angela Carter, Warner takes a feminist attack to the study of fairytale and fairytale on film. Her central concern is reclaiming the cinematic use of the fairytale narrative and making a consideration of its representation to female experience, particularly to rites of passage. By doing this, Warner also considers the child figure in films which are not necessarily made for children but have a child as a narrator. She observes the appeal of the child as a central figure comes from the prelasparian notion of innocence and the implication that children, by virtue of not being bound by adult rationality, have greater access to the world of imagination and fantasy.17 Thus the child protagonist can engage wi lfully with fantastical realms which adults regard as impossible. The fantasy musical style has a close affinity with the Wonder Tale defined by some critics, or the Folk Fairy Tale by others. For all allegorists of a Neo-Platonist perspective, fairytales were scriptures of the spirit, displaying messages of universal love and death.18 Paganism and psychoanalytic studies, such as Sigmund Freuds notion of the uncanny, have defended the fantasy as something that is fundamental to the human being. In contrast to the above universalising interpretations, the contemporary situation reveals the emergence of a socio-historical train which considers fairytales and fantasy as a direct impression of reality. They are engraft in popular culture, yet are subject to change and transformation reflecting new developments. The fairytale and fantasy are subsequently a instrument for thought, a multicoloured skein of images with which to think about the real, both reiterating and shaping the real in restructured narratives, reassemble images.19 Therefore a consideration needs to be madeevaut the contemporary situation of fantasy and fairytale in film. This paper explores whats contrastive between these films. Although Gilliam introduced Tideland with the prediction that some people will love it and some people will hate it, he may not have been prepared for the profusion of heated, disgusted and outraged reactions which followed the films relase, including people walking out of the cinema. With 157 reviews posted on the internet movie database, tideland was (rightly) savaged by critics and ignored by most audiences,20 some kind of Alice in Wonderland with psychic tinge21 the polish off movie i have ever seen UNPLEASANT, perverse, .., Unwatchable. Nauseating. Mr. Gilliam descends into curdled silliness. It exponent be said that his imagination knows no boundaries it might be good if he found some. A. O. Scott from The New York Times Tideland is rated R. It has drug use, gruesome deaths and extremely icky sexual implications.22Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly writes that Tideland an F, calling it gruesomely awful. 23patronage overall positive critical reception, there was much negative reactions tp pans Labyrinth, also revealed people recated badly to fairytales that werwe scary, the senseless murder of an innocent childmake Pans Labyrinth irredeemable in my eyes.24 And another review argued I dont call back for a second that this is any kind of fairy tale.25more angry reviewers did nto jeer with the fairytale genre labelling, Only if we as adults have decomposed our standards so that torment and suffering constitute fairy tales.26 People This paper also makes a consideration of escapisms dishonoured status. It attempts to make a contribution to the overdue reconsideration of fantasy literature and film. The overall structure of the study takes the form of five chapters, including this former 1 Susan Napier makes this observation in 200 5at the beginning of a discussion regarding Japanese anime, David butler (2009) partiality Cinema Impossible Worlds, Wallflower Press, p62 Susan Napier in David Butler fantasy cinema impossible Worlds (2009) 3 David Butler discusses and summarises the problem of fantasy and escapism in his recently published and insightful overview of key themes and debates in fantasy cinema, conjuring trick Cinema Impossible Worlds(2009) London Wallflower Press ,p5.4 Marina Warner, Through A Childs Eyes, Internal Bfi Seminar, 12 February 1992, P445Jack Zipes (1997) Happily Ever After fairy tales, children and the culture industry, New York London Routledge, p92.6 Jack Zipes (1994) fairytale as myth, myth as fairytale, Lexington University Press of Kentucky,pp94-957 Patrick Brantlinger, William B Thesing (2002) A companion to the Victorian Novel. Wiley-Blackwell. p360.8 Barbara Smith Chalou (2007) Struwwelpeter belief or horror? 160 years later. Lexington books. p75.9 Manlove, C, N. (2003) From Alice to Harry Potter Childrens Fantasy in England. Christchurch, N.Z Cybereditions. p20.10 ibid.11 Wolstenholme (2000) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. pxxxiv.12 Jones (2002) The Fairy Tale. p95.13 Sarah Gilead, Magic abjured closure in chidlresn fantasy fiction, PMLA, Vol. 106, No. 2 (Mar., 1991), Modern Language familiarity pp. 277-293, p27914 px15 Eric S. Rabkin Infant Joys The Pleasures of Disempowerment in Fantasy and Science Fiction (J.C.Cooper An Illustrated encyclopedia of Traditional Symbols, London Thames and Hudson, 1978)p1616 ibid17 Marina warner. Cinema and realms of enchantment, P618 Marina warner, The Uses Of Enchantment, lecture at the NFT (7 February 1992) P1619 Marina Warner, The Uses Of Enchantment, lecture at the NFT (7 February 1992)p1720 Alex Billington, http//www.imdb.com/title/tt0410764/news?year=200821 HurtGenerator(Wed Dec 20 2006 113907 http//www.imdb.com/title/tt0410764/board/nest/56980592?d=61756820p=661756820 22 Tideland A girlfriend Endures a No-Mans Land by Dwelling in the Make-Believe, A. O. Scott, The New York Times, October 13, 200623 Owen Gleiberman24 fmcchris, innocuous of grace, wit, and soul, 6 June 2007, http//www.imdb.com/title/tt0457430/usercomments?filter=hate25 Paulk-20, Harmful at best, 1 June 2007, http//www.imdb.com/title/tt0457430/usercomments?filter=hate26 Robert, i waited so long to be rewarded with dissapointment, 15 may 2007, http//www.imdb.com/title/tt0457430/usercomments?filter=hate

Analysis of Section 14, Hindu Succession Act, 1956

Analysis of instalment 14, Hindi Succession performance, 1956 averment OF PROBLEM sub parting 14 talks about(predicate) keeping feature by a Hindoo effeminate to be her lordly station, whether acquired ahead of afterward the jump of the Hindi Succession comport, 1956. She pull up stakes hold the attribute as an arrogant, replete possesser and non as a peculiar(a) owner. The function empowers the Hindi pistillate to exercise her justifiedlys everyplace her place in an lordly manner. Section 14 is the most significant provision in the Hindi Succession bite.METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECTThe methodology is doctrinal. The root systems apply in this picture are mhoary sources in form of books. special sources are the case rights.In this project, we brace discussed the object and scope of class 14. The billet when estrangement is done by a woman who is a limit owner and re-conveyance of the property to the bound owner by the alienee of the p roperty give oneself upd by her before the commencement of this Act, have also been discussed. The project is concluded spelling out the imp run of particle 14 on Stridhana.INTRODUCTIONPrior to 1956, both kinds of properties were recognized by Hindi texts and belles-lettres with mention to women Stridhana and non-Stridhana properties.Stridhana PropertyIt occupies a prominent place in the Sanskrit law books that had been written in ancient India. Etymologic exclusivelyy, Stridhana means females property. It includes talents assumption to her at the judgment of conviction of marriage. On the subject of ownership of Sridhana property, a take of views existed. Doctrinal Diversity existed on the subject and these divergent outlooks lonesome(prenominal) added to the difficulties contact the meaning of the term. The result was that, a term non difficult to effectiveise in its etymological sense came to be understood in a narrow and particular(a) con nonation.1Stridhana is t he property over which a woman has imperative right. A Stridhana property has two important characteristics-She could expel it take out as per her sweet will in whatsoever mannerIts her exclusive and implicit property and would devolve upon her heir.By virtue of Stridhana she would be a zippy melodic phrase of descent and her property will not go moxie to the reversioners.Non Stridhana PropertyThe woman at her wish could not dispose off this property. It could not go to her heirs at her shoemakers hold but would go choke off to the reversioners. This property is called womans landed dry land or a leave behinds state. under the classical law, non-Stridhana property was property acquired by her in any way. But Stridhana property was in form of gifts at the time of her wedding.With respect to womans estate, she was not a rattling stock of descent. She had hold participations. Though she could enjoy the property during her liveliness, she had trammel rights over it. She could not alienate the property at her own sweet will nor could dispose it off. It is a limited estate. When the womans limited estate expires upon her final stage it would revert buttocks to the reversioners that were the heirs of the last male holder of the property.In her spirit, she had an ownership, human activity and interest in the property but it was limited. So, absolute rights lacked.Limited estate entails two limitationsNo alienation or disposal of the property at womans own discretionNo creation of fresh stock of descent.Under very special circumstances, a woman could alienate her limited estateLegal necessity (that is, for her own deficiency and for the need of the dependants of the last owner)For the benefit of estate, andFor the discharge of indispensable duties ( such(prenominal) as marriage of daughters, funeral rites of her husband, his shradha and gifts to brahmans for the buyback of his soul, etc.) Hindoo women have always suffered with respect to prop erty rights. She had an absolute right over the Stridhana but with respect to non-Stridhana property her interests were not absolute in nature. Though she had maintenance rights recognized by law as moral, spiritual, sub judice and absolute right, but not beyond that.Section 14 brought about revolutionary changes in the law of succession with regard to Hindu females. Section 14 has converted existing womans estates into good estates. instalment 14Property of a female Hindu to be her absolute property. each property possessed by a female Hindu, whether acquired before or after the commencement of this Act, shall be held by her as full owner t hereof and not as a limited owner. bill In this sub- voice, property includes both movable and immovable property acquired by a female Hindu by inheritance or devise, or at a partition, or in lieu of maintenance or arrears of maintenance, or by gift from any person, whether a relative or not, before, at or after her marriage, or by her own ac quirement or exertion, or by purchase or by prescription, or in any early(a) manner whatsoever, and also any such property held by her as Stridhana immediately before the commencement of this Act. nada contained in sub-section (1) shall apply to any property acquired by way of gift or under a will or any opposite instrument or under a decree or post of a civil court or under an award where the terms of the gift, will or other instrument or the decree, order or award prescribe a circumscribe estate in such property.SCOPE AND AMBITSection 14(1) is partly likely and partly retrospective. prospective surgical process is that limited interest enlarges whole in 1956 and after it. With respect to eruditeness of property, there is retrospective operation.Any property possessed by a female Hindu, whether acquired before or after the commencement of this Act, shall be held by her as full owner thereof and not as a limited owner.The rule displace down under section 14(1) has a wide a nd extensive application and has to be read in a comprehensive manner. If a woman had a limited interest in any estate, as soon as this Act comes into force, the limited estate enlarges to absolute interest. She has full ownership of property acquired before or after 1956.Section 14(1) is an enabling clause limited estate converts into absolute one.The object of sub-section (2) of section 14 is to make it clear that curb estate can regular after commencement of Act come into human beings in case of interest of property given to a female Hindu, by operation of transaction inter vivos, by testamentary disposition, by decree or order of civil court under an award. Any such restricted estate created prior to the commencement of the Act will not be enlarged into full ownership by operation of sub-section (1) if the gift, will, other instrument, decree, order or award had prescribed a restricted estate. It has been held by autonomous Court that this sub-s (2) must be read only as a pr oviso or exception to sub-s (1).2POSSESSIONUnder Section 14, self-command implies a logical and legal possession or title or ownership. Hence, possession here implies ownership or title. on that point is the widest possible interpretation to this term. In 1956, this Act came into force and irrespective of whether she had substantial possession or not, he rights were absolute.In 1959, in the case Gummalapura Kothuruswami v. Setra Veeravva3, the enounce possession was interpreted. Court said here that possession in section 14 is used in a broad sensepossession whitethorn be actual or constructiveIn 2002, in the case Mu hencewami v. Angamal, distinction between legal and actual possession was laid down. Under Section 14(1), it is the legal possession that is important. It is not the possession in its narrow sense but the broadest. There must be a legal possession though there is not any actual possession.Under Section 14 (1) possession must be lawful and legal.Where a woman has lo st possession of property before commencement of Hindu Succession Act, 1956, she is not entitled to help oneself benefits of Section 14(1). monomania OF THE contain ESTATE BY THE LIMITED OWNER BEFORE first OF ACTBefore 1956, A Hindu female had a limited estate. There was no alienation at her sweet will. Where a Hindu woman makes an unauthorized alienation before 1956, she loses possession over that property, she is not entitled to benefits of Section 14(1). The alienee, even he or she cannot avail Section 14(1). Now the possession of property does not allow alienee to avail this subsection.To avail benefits of Section 14(1), the possession must be a legal possession.The alienee here cannot avail provision of Section 14 because it was the leave behind woman who made the alienation. nominate of section 14 is to ameliorate the position of leave and not the alienee. both(prenominal) the woman and the alienee are devoid of the benefit of s.14 (1) and the third party, i.e. the reve rsioners will be benefited.Where alienation is unauthorized reversioners can always contend. There was a prospective abolition of reversioners after 1956. But reversioners do exist after 1956. On the end of the female owner the estate reverts to the heir or the heirs of the last owner as if the latter died when the limited estate ceased. Such heirs may be male or female known as reversioners. So long as the estate endures there are no reversioners though there is always a presumptive reversioner who has only a spes successionis in the lifetime of the widow. It is their vested interest. The property of the female devolves on the reversioners only when her estate terminates on her death.REMEDIES WITH THE REVERSIONERSThey can file a turn in the court for a declaratory decree under which the reversionary rights are protected. So contempt unauthorized alienation, their reversionary rights are secure.They can demand from the court during the lifetime of the widow, that estate of the widow must be protected from damage or waste.But reversioners cannot buzz off any injunction to refrain a widow from making an unauthorized alienation. When a Hindu widow makes an unauthorized alienation, it is backbone upon her and not on the reversioners. Estate is in favour of the widow or the alienor it is binding upon her. Now alienee is entitled to all the rights which alienor was enjoying by alienation. But alienee gets a limited title.After unauthorized alienation, the limited estate has passed to the alienee who has a limited interest in it. Because a Hindu woman cannot convey a better title than what she had, the alienee will also have a limited interest in the estate. When the alienor dies, i.e. the widow, the role of reversioners accrues.In the case of Kalawati Bai v. Soirya Bai 4, a Hindu female had inherited property from her husband by way of gift. In 1954, she gifted entire property to one of her two daughters. In 1968, the Hindu widow died and benefactive role d aughter, in whose favour the gift was made, took possession of the property. The second daughter objected this possession arguing that alienation was an unauthorized alienation. Since, the alienation itself is unauthorized, donee daughter does not have any right to possess the property. It was held that the other daughter would get half of the share from the entire property. After the death of the widow, the property goes back to reversioners, i.e. the heirs of the last male holder of the property. After widows death it will be presumed that her husband had died too. Since in 1968, the Act came into force the two daughters will get equal half shares.RECONVEYANCE TO THE LIMITED OWNER BY THE ALIENEE OF THE PROPERTY, ALIENATED BY HER BEFORE THE ACT CAME INTO forcesA rather unusual situation arises where an alienee from a limited owner, for compositors case a widow, re-conveys the property to the widow in consequence of a challenge by the reversioners or after reversioners obtain the decree declaring that the alienation would not bind the reversioners after the death of the widow.5 The view has been taken that the widow would move the absolute owner of the property by operation of this section even though re-conveyance might have taken place after the Act came into operation.6In the case of Daya Singh v. Dhan kaur 7, A Hindu male died in 1933 and his widow inherited his property as a limited owner. After two months she gifted this limited estate of hers to her daughter Dhan Kaur. Daya singh, who was the brother of the deceased male, objected to the alienation made by the widow and filed a suit in the court. The suit was decreed in his favour. In the mean time, Act of 1956 was passed and the property got re-conveyed back to the widow. She then again made a second gift to Dhan Kaur. The widow died in 1963. The reversioners wanted to exercise their rights and challenged the validity of the second gift. Their contention was that the widow has already lost possessio n of the limited estate before 1956 magic spell making first gift. But the court rejected the contention. It was held that reversioners in the lifetime of the widow have a mere right to succeed. Post 1956, when equivalent property was re-conveyed back to the widow, it cures the defect in it and she becomes a full and absolute owner of the property. Her limited estate enlarges into a full estate. She then has every(prenominal) right to alienate it.OBSERVATIONAbsolute power of alienation was not regarded, in case of a female owner, as a obligatory association to the right to hold and enjoy property and it was only in case of property acquired by her from particular sources that she had full dominion over it. The restriction imposed upon proprietary rights of a woman by Hindu police force depended on her status as a maiden, as a married woman and as a widow. They also depended on the source and nature of the property. The Act overrides the old law on the subject of Stridhana in re spect of all property possessed by a female, whether acquired by her before or after the commencement of the Act and this section declares that all such property shall be held by her as the full owner. The Act confers full heritable capacity on the female heir and this section dispenses with the traditional limitations on the powers of a female Hindu to hold and give property.In Erumma v. Veeruppana8, the Supreme Court examined the ambit and object of this section and ascertainedThe property possessed by a female Hindu, as contemplated in the section, is clearly property to which she has acquired some kind of title, whether before or after the commencement of the Act. It may be noticed that the Explanation to s. 14(1) sets outs the confused modes of acquisition of the property by a female Hindu and indicates that the section applies only to the property to which female Hindu has acquired some kind of title, however restricted the nature of her interest may be. The words as full ow ner thereof and not as a limited owner in the last portion of sub-section (1) of the section clearly suggest that the legislature intend that the limited ownership. In other words ownership of a Hindu female should be changed into a full ownership. In other words, s. 14(1) of the act contemplates that a Hindu female, who, in the absence of this provision, would have been limited owner of the property, will now become full owner of the same by virtue of this section. The object of this section is to extinguish the estate called limited estate or widows estate in Hindu integrity and to make a Hindu woman, who under the old law would have been only a limited owner, a full owner of the property with all the powers of disposition and to make the estate heritable by her own heirs and not revertible to the heirs of the last male holder. It does not in any way confer a title on the female Hindu where she did not in face possess any ghost or title.The trend of more recent decisions of the Supreme Court has been to model stress on the Explanation to sub-section (1). In one such decision, the Supreme Court adopted the approach of giving a most rattling(a) interpretation to the sub-section with a view to advance the social purpose of the legislation, which is to bring about a change in the social and economic position of women.9CONCLUSIONThe effect of the rule laid down in this section is to abrogate the rigid provisions against the proprietary rights of females and to recognize her status as the independent and absolute owner of the property. Section 14 is acting as a piece of social legislation promoting gender justice and compare between Hindu males and females. It is a revolutionary provision.Section 14 abolishes various kinds of Stridhana and property of every kind possessed by a Hindu female howsoever acquired and whether once acquired becomes now her absolute property. She will hold the property as an absolute, full owner and not as a limited owner. The sectio n empowers the Hindu female to exercise her rights over her property in an absolute manner. The limited estate has been abolished and has been enlarged into the status of a full estate. Now the estate after a widows death goes to her heirs and not to the heirs of the last male holder of the estate. Section 14 is thus the most significant provision in the Hindu Succession Act.REFERENCESBooksMaynes Treatise on Hindu natural law and Usage, 15th Ed., Bharat law of naturehouse, 2006Mitra, S.K., Mitra on Hindu Law, second Ed., Orient Publishing Company, 2006Desai, S.A., Mullas Hindu Law, Vol. 2, 19th Ed., LexisNexis Butterworths, 2006Paras Diwan, Family Law, Allahabad Law Agency, Faridabad, (7th Edn., 2005).Mulla, Principle of Hindu Law Vol.II, in S.A. Desai Ed., Lexis Nexis Butterwoths, New Delhi, (19th Edn., 2005).Werner F. Menski, Hindu Law Beyond Tradition and Modernity, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2003Dr U.P.D. Kesari, Modern Hindu Law, Central Law Publications, 5th Edition 2006Dr. N Maheswara Swamy, Hindu Law, meridian Publications, Hyderabad, 2011A.C.Gupte, Hindu Law, Premier Publishing Company, Kolkata, 2005S.A.Kader, Hindu Succession Act 1956, eastern Law House, new Delhi, 2006LegislationsThe Hindu Succession Act, 19561Section 14, Hindu Succession Act, 1956 1 Mulla, Hindu Law, Vol.2, 19th Ed., LexisNexis Butterworths, 2005, P.3782 Supra 13 diffuse 1959 SC 5774 AIR 1991 SC 15815 Mulla, Hindu Law, Vol.2, 19th Ed., LexisNexis Butterworths, 2005, P.3836 Jagat Singh v. Teja Singh, AIR 1970 PH 309 (FB)7 AIR 1974 SC 6658 AIR 1966 SC 18799 Vaddeboyina Tulsamma v. Seshi Reddy, AIR 1997 SC 1944